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1
Q

Signs/symptoms of Viral Meningitis:

A
  • Sudden high fever, severe meningeal inflammation, increased WBCs in CSF
  • Inflammation causes most signs/symptoms
    90% of cases caused by RNA viruses in the genus Enterovirus (Coxsackie A virus, Coxsackie B virus, Echovirus)
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2
Q

Signs/symptoms of Arboviral Encephalitis:

A
  • Arthopod-borne virus
  • mild, cold-like symptoms
    Caused by: arboviruses; mosquitoes (blood-sucking arthropods)
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3
Q

Signs/symptoms of Botulism:

A
  • Foodborne: progressive paralysis on both sides of the body; slow recovery from growth of new nerve cell endings
  • Infant: results from the ingestion of endopsores, nonspecific symptoms
  • Wound: contamination of a wound by endospores; symptoms similar to foodborne
    Caused by: Clostridium botulinum
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4
Q

What happens in Botulism?

A

Botulism toxin present in the neuromuscular junction prevents vesicles from releasing acetylcholine; paralysis

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5
Q

Signs/symptoms of Tetanus:

A
  • Tightening of the jaw (lockjaw)
  • Spasms and contractions may spread to other muscles
  • Irregular heartbeat and blood pressure and profuse sweating may occur
    Caused by: Clostridium tetani
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6
Q

What happens in Tetanus?

A

Tetanospasmin (tetanus toxin) blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitter; muscles can’t relax

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7
Q

Signs/symptoms of Hansen’s Disease:

A
  • Tuberculoid leprosy: nonprogressive form of the disease; strong cell-mediated immune response
  • Lepromatous leprosy: more virulent form of the disease; weak cell-mediated immune response
    Caused by: Mycobacterium leprae
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8
Q

Signs/symptoms of Polio:

A
  • Asymptomatic infections (90% of cases)
  • Minor polio: nonspecific symptoms
  • Nonparalytic polio: muscle spasms and back pain
  • Paralytic polio: produces paralysis
  • Postpolio syndrome can be debilitating
    Caused by: Poliovirus
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9
Q

Signs/symptoms of Brucellosis:

A
  • Fluctuating fever that spikes every afternoon
  • Endotoxin causes some of the signs and symptoms
    Caused by: Brucella melitensis
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10
Q

Signs/symptoms of Yersinia pestis:

A

Cause of: Plague

  • Bubonic plague: characterized by enlarging lymph nodes called buboes
  • Pneumonic plague: occurs when the bacterium spreads to lungs; difficult breathing
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11
Q

Signs/symptoms of Infectious mononucleosis:

A

Cause of: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV or HHV-4)

  • Severe sore throat and fever occur initially
  • Followed by swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, appetite loss, and a skin rash
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12
Q

Signs/symptoms of Schistosomiasis:

A
  • Swimmer’s itch at infection site
  • Eggs deposited throughout body can cause other symptoms
    Caused by: 3 species of Schistosoma
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13
Q

Signs/symptoms of Diphtheria:

A
  • Sore throat, localized pain, fever
  • Presence of a pseudo membrane that can obstruct airways
    Caused by: Corynebacterium diphtheriae
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14
Q

Characteristics/virulence factors of Neisseria meningitidis:

A
  • Gram negative cocci; known as meningococcus
  • Fimbriae, capsule, and lipoligosaccharide help the bacteria attach to cells (Neisseria cells without these structures are avirulent. Capsule protects bacteria from phagocytic lysis)
    One cause of: Bacterial Meningitis
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15
Q

Characteristics/virulence factors of Francisella tularensis:

A
  • Can survive within infected cells
    -Endotoxin causes many signs and symptoms
  • Diverse host ranges from mammals, birds, fish, ticks, insects
    Causes: Tularemia
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16
Q

Characteristics/virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes:

A
  • Group A streptococci
  • Virulence factors: M proteins, hyaluronic acid capsule, streptokinases, C5a peptidase, pyrogenic toxins, streptolysins
  • Causes Streptococcal Respiratory Diseases
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17
Q

Characteristics/virulence factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae:

A
  • Gram positive coccus
  • Leading cause of meningitis in adults
  • Capsule protects bacteria from digestion by phagocytes
  • Enzymes and toxins enable bacteria to counteract immune defenses
    One cause of: Bacterial Meningitis
    Causes: Pneumococcal Pneumonia
    Virulence factors: adhesions, capsule, pneumolysin
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18
Q

At risk groups of Streptococcus agalactiae:

A
  • Normal vaginal microbiota in some women
  • Acquired during birth
    One cause of: Bacterial Meningitis
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19
Q

At risk groups of Listeria monocytogenes:

A
  • Pregnant women, fetuses, newborns, elderly, immunocompromised
  • Not transmitted among humans except from mother to fetus
  • Transmitted via contaminated food
    One cause of: Bacterial Meningitis
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20
Q

At risk groups of Neisseria meningitidis:

A
  • Spread among individuals in barracks and dorms; can become epidemic
    One cause of: Bacterial Meningitis
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21
Q

At risk groups of Toxoplasma:

A
  • Individuals with poor immunity
  • Fetal infections can cause numerous conditions
    Caused by: Toxoplasma gondii
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22
Q

At risk groups of Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP):

A
  • Common in AIDS patients
  • Transmitted by inhalation of droplets containing the fungus
    Caused by: Pneumocystis jirovecii
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23
Q

Diagnosis of Viral Meningitis:

A

Characteristic signs and symptoms in the absence of bacteria in the CSF

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24
Q

Diagnosis of Viral Encephalitis:

A

Based on signs and symptoms; confirmed by presence of arbovirus-specific antibodies in CSF

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25
Q

Treatment of Rabies:

A

Treated with human rabies immunoglobulin, vaccine injections, and infection site cleaning
Caused by: Rabies virus (ssRNA virus)

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26
Q

Treatment of Pertussis:

A
  • Also called “Whooping cough”
  • Treatment is primarily supportive
    Caused by: Bordetella pertussis
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27
Q

Reservoir/host of Viral Encephalitis:

A
  • Vector: mosquito (blood-sucking arthropods

- Prevent by eliminating stagnant water

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28
Q

Reservoir/host of Yellow fever:

A
  • Transmitted via the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito

- Caused by: Yellow Fever Virus

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29
Q

Reservoir/host of Dengue fever:

A
  • Vector: Aedes mosquitoes

- Caused by 4 strains of Dengue viruses

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30
Q

Reservoir/host of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS):

A
  • Transmitted from mice via inhalation
  • Caused by Hantavirus
  • Hantavirus travels throughout the body via the blood
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31
Q

Transmission of Primary Amebic Menigoencephalitis:

A
  • Enters host through abrasions on the skin or eyelid or by inhalation of contaminated water
    Caused by: Acanthamoeba and Naegleria
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32
Q

Transmission of Blastomycosis:

A
  • Enters body through inhalation of dust carrying fungal spores
    Caused by: Blastomyces dermatitidis
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33
Q

Transmission of Legionella pneumophila:

A
  • Survives in domestic water sources

Causes: Legionnaires’ Disease

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34
Q

Septicemia:
Bacteremia:
Toxemia:

A
  • Septicemia: any microbial infection of the blood that produces illness; caused more often by Gram negative bacteria; due to direct inoculation of bacteria into the blood
  • Bacteremia: bacterial septicemia
  • Toxemia: release of bacterial toxins into the blood (exotoxin: released from living microorganisms; endotoxins: released from Gram-negative bacteria)
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35
Q

Effects of Lipid A:

A

Triggers fever, inflammation, shock, and clotting

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36
Q

Signs/Symptoms of Malaria:

A
  • Signs/symptoms associated with parasite’s life in erythrocytes
  • Fever, chills, diarrhea, headache; anemia, weakness, and fatigue gradually occur
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37
Q

Most severe malaria…

A

Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe malaria but there are at least four that can cause malaria

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38
Q

At risk groups of Malaria:

A
  • Children are particularly vulnerable to infection
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39
Q

Certain genetic traits increase resistance to Malaria…

A
  • Presence of the sickle-cell gene
  • Presence of two genes for hemoglobin C
  • Genetic deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
  • Lack of Duffy antigens on erythrocytes
40
Q

Virulence factors of Malaria:

A
  • Reproductive cycle hides parasite from immune surveillance
  • Malaria secretome injects toxins into host cells
  • Adhesions allow red blood cells to adhere to certain tissues
  • Merozoites form within vesicles to avoid detection
  • Changes in body chemistry attract other mosquitoes
41
Q

Epidemiology of Malaria:

A
  • Endemic throughout tropics and subtropics

- Causes more than 1 mil. deaths annually

42
Q

Diagnosis of Malaria:

A

Made by identifying Plasmodium in blood

43
Q

Treatment of Malaria:

A

Various antimalarial drugs (but some Plasmodium stains are resistant to them)

44
Q

Prevention of Malaria:

A

Control of mosquitoes

45
Q

Signs/symptoms of African Hemorrhagic Viral Fever:

A
  • Fever and fatigue, minor petechiae, progress to severe internal hemorrhaging
    Caused by: Ebolavirus or Marburgvirus
46
Q

Pathogenesis of African Hemorrhagic Viral Fever:

A
  • Malfunctioning blood clotting causes hemorrhaging
47
Q

Epidemiology and transmission of African Hemorrhagic Viral Fever:

A
  • Occurs primarily in Africa

- Contact with bodily fluid of infected individual

48
Q

Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of African Hemorrhagic Viral Fever:

A
  • Diagnosis: based on characteristic symptoms and presence of virus in the blood
  • Treatment: involved fluid and electrolyte replacement
  • Prevention: vaccines are being studied for their effectiveness in humans
49
Q

Signs/symptoms of Influenza:

A
  • Pharyngitis, congestion, cough, myalgia

- Sudden fever distinguishes flu from a common cold

50
Q

Pathogen and pathogenesis of Influenza:

A
  • Caused by Influenza virus types A and B
  • Symptoms produced by the immune repsonse to the virus
  • Flu patients are susceptible to secondary bacterial infections; virus causes damage to lung epithelium
51
Q

Virulence factors of Influenza:

A
  • Mutations in hemagglutinin and neuraminidase produce new strains (occurs via antigenic drift and antigenic shift)
  • Concern about the fatality associated with strains similar to those of past pandemics
52
Q

Diagnosis, treatment, prevention of Influenza:

A
  • Diagnosis: signs/symptoms are usually diagnostic
  • Treatment: involves supportive care to relieve symptoms; Oseltamivir and Zanamivir can be administered early in infection
  • Prevention: immunization with a multivalent vaccine
53
Q

2 recently emerging diseases of Coronavirus Respiratory Syndrome:

A
  • Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

54
Q

Signs/symptoms of Coronavirus Respiratory Syndrome:

A
  • High fever, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing
  • Later, patients develop dry cough and pneumonia
    Caused by: Coronaviruses
55
Q

Pathogenesis of Coronavirus Respiratory Syndrome:

A
  • Spreads via respiratory droplets
56
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of Coronavirus Respiratory Syndrome:

A

Diagnosis: based on signs/symptoms; confirmed by isolating virus or antibodies against virus
Treatment: supportive

57
Q

Geographic distribution of system fungal diseases:

A
  • Cocciciocomycosis: southwest in US, northern part of Mexico, small random parts of South America
    Caused by: Coccidioides immitis
  • Blastomycosis: centro-east in US
    Caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis
  • Histoplasmosis: western coast of Africa, spotted parts in centro-east US and South America
    Caused by Histoplasma capsulatum
58
Q

Epidemiology of Lyme disease:

A

One of the most reported vector-born disease in the US (ticks)
Caused by: Borrelia burgdorferi

59
Q

HIV:

A
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a Lentivirus (subgroup of Retrovirus)
    Causes: HIV infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
60
Q

Transmission, pathogenesis, and epidemiology of HIV:

A
  • Failure on the immune system
  • Transmitted by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejeculate, or breast milk
  • Infects T cells (CD4), macrophages, dendritic cells
61
Q

Bacterial Meningitis is caused by…

A 
Neisseria meningitidis
Steptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Listeria monocytogenes
Streptococcus agalactiae
62
Q

Encephalitis is caused by…

A

Arboviruses; mosquitoes (blood-sucking arthropods)

63
Q

Botulism is caused by…

A

Clostridium botulinum

64
Q

Tetanus is caused by…

A

Clostridium tetani

65
Q

Hansen’s disease (Leprosy) is caused by…

A

Mycobacterium leprae

66
Q

Poliomyelitis is caused by…

A

Poliovirus

67
Q

Brucellosis is caused by…

A

Brucella melitensis

68
Q

Yersinia pestis causes…

69
Q

Infectious mononucleosis causes…

A

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV or HHV-4)

70
Q

Schistosomiasis is caused by…

A

3 species of Schistosoma

71
Q

Diphtheria is caused by…

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

72
Q

Neisseria meningitidis causes…

A

Bacterial meningitis

73
Q

Francisella tularensis causes…

74
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes causes…

A

Streptococcal Respiratory Diseases

75
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae causes…

A

One cause of Bacterial meningitis

Pneumococcal pneumonia

76
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae causes…

A

Bacterial meningitis

77
Q

Liseria monocytogenes causes…

A

Bacterial meningitis

78
Q

Toxoplasma is caused by…

A

Toxoplasma gondii

79
Q

Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) is caused by…

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii

80
Q

Viral meningitis is caused by…

A

90% of cases caused by RNA viruses in the genus Enterovirus (Coxsackie A virus, Coxsackie B virus, Echovirus)

81
Q

Rabies is caused by…

A

Rabies virus (ssRNA virus)

82
Q

Pertussis (whooping cough) is caused by…

A

Bordetella pertussis

83
Q

Yellow fever is caused by…

A

Yellow fever virus

84
Q

Dengue fever is caused by…

A

Four strains of dengue viruses

85
Q

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is caused by…

A

Hantavirus

86
Q

Primary amebic menigoencephalitis is caused by…

A

Acanthamoeba and Naegleria

87
Q

Blastomycosis is caused by…

A

Blastomyces dermatitidis

88
Q

Legionella pneumophila causes…

A

Legionnaires’ Disease

89
Q

Malaria is caused by…

A

At least four Plasmodium species

90
Q

African hemorrhagic viral fever is caused by…

A

Ebolavirus or Marburgvirus

91
Q

Influenza is caused by…

A

Influenza virus types A and B

92
Q

Coronavirus Respiratory syndrome is caused by…

A

Coronaviruses

93
Q

Cocciciocomycosis is caused by…

A

Coccidiodes immitis

94
Q

Blastomycosis is caused by…

A

Blastomyces dermatitidis

95
Q

Histoplasmosis is caused by…

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

96
Q

Lyme disease is caused by…

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

97
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) causes…

A

HIV infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Biol 220 (6 decks)

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