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Social psychology, 3510 > Final final > Flashcards

Final final Flashcards

1
Q

Social psychology

A

The scientific study of the influence of the real, imagined, or implied presence of others on our beliefs, feelings, and behavior.

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2
Q

We are all amateur ______ ________.

A

Social psychologists.

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3
Q

Our hypotheses about human behavior reflect a..?

A

commonsense understanding.

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4
Q

What the issue with amateur hypotheses?

A

They lack scientific rigor and imparitality.

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5
Q

Hindsight bias

A

a psychological phenomenon that allows people to convince themselves after an event that they accurately predicted it before it happened.

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6
Q

Advantages of professional social psychologists:

A
  • Begin with observation but continue on.
  • conduct experiments with opportunities to learn from multiple participating people and situations in controlled settings.
  • Draw conclusions based on more precise and numerous data.
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7
Q

Aronsons first law

A

People who do crazy things are not necessarily crazy.

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8
Q

Dispositional view of human actions.

A

A dispositional view is that our behaviors are determined by personality traits—for example, a driver in a road rage incident claims the driver who cut her off is an aggressive person.

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9
Q

Define social psychology:

A

developing an appreciation for a more complex situational view of human behavior.

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10
Q

Social cognition

A

Area of social psychology
- focuses on development of people’s understanding, storage, and application of information about themselves, other people, and social situations.

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11
Q

Jeremy Bentham

A
  • rationality of human cognition
  • happiness calculation and the role of government
  • foundational ideas of modern capitalism.
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12
Q

Cognitive misers

A

describes the ability and tendency of the human brain to problem solve in the most simple and straight-forward ways rather than utilizing more sophisticated and effort-intensive ways. By doing this the brain conserves energy. This concept is widely used in social cognition theory and other area of the social sciences.

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13
Q

Hunter gatherer mind

A

brain shaped by evolution to facilitate survival in our biological hunter-gatherer ancestors.

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14
Q

What is the limit of people we can have stable, meaningful relationships with?

A

150 people

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15
Q

Whats the problem with large groups?

A

more difficulty and stress in larger groups; splintering often occurs.

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16
Q

Human universals

A

Traits, behavioral tendencies, and motivational systems manifested regardless of culture.

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17
Q

What are things present in all societies?

A
  • Basic emotions
  • gender differentiated aggression and child care duties.
  • norms of conduct, religion
  • stories, myths, music, age related rites of passage
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18
Q

Bias blind spot

A

Recognizing the impact of biases on the judgement of others, while failing to see biases of one’s own judgement.

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19
Q

Naive realsim

A

The human tendency to believe that we see the world around us objectively, and that people who disagree with us must be wrong.

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20
Q

Confirmation bias

A
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21
Q

Egocentric bias

A

Egocentric bias is the tendency to rely too heavily on one’s own perspective and/or have a higher opinion of oneself than reality

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22
Q

Spotlight effect (gilovich)

A

the tendency of people to favor information that confirms or strengthens their beliefs or values and is difficult to dislodge once affirmed.

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23
Q

Cloak of invisibility illusion

A

People believe that they observe others more than do other people and that they are generally observed less than are others.

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24
Q

Barnum effect

A

A person’s natural tendency to think that a generic or vague personality description applies specifically to themselves.

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25
Q

Why is bad stronger than good?

A

Negativity bias has evolved in the human mind.
Negative events are typically more powerful than positive ones.

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26
Q

How can the negativity bias be offset?

A

generating satisfaction

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27
Q

Automatic processing

A
  • unconscious (implicit) operations
  • guides most of behavior as well learned associations or routines
  • fast responses to sensory input
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28
Q

Controlled processing

A
  • conscious (explicit) operations
  • deals with novel or complex input.
  • slower and sequential
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29
Q

Most decisions involve two steps. What are they?

A
  • Quick intuitive, and incomplete reality assessment.
  • controlled, deliberate modification of initial assessment.
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30
Q

Automatic thinking requires more?

A

time, focus, effort, and energy.

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31
Q

Controlled processing cannot do two things ___ ____ _____

A

at one time.

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32
Q

Heider and simmel

A

demonstrated human tendency to attribute human intentions and personalities even to inanimate objects

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33
Q

Social pain

A

feelings of rejection, humiliation or insult.

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34
Q

einsenberger and lieberman

A

MRI scans revealed brain activation pattern similar for student exclusion and experimentally induced physical pain.

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35
Q

the US-THEM thinking of tribal minds

A

hardwired automatic impulses toward treating US as friends and THEM as threats.

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36
Q

Social identity theory

A

most important group memberships feed sense of belonging and self worth
thinking about us and them is shaped is influenced by group memberships

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37
Q

Core group of social motives(5)

A
  • belonging
  • understanding other and predicting accurately
  • control
  • need to matter
  • trust
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38
Q

Humans function best when they experience?

A

sense of belonging, control, freedom to make choices, usefulness, trust, and being loved.

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39
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

human tendency to overestimate the importance of personality or dispositional factors relative to situational or environmental influences that occurs when describing or explaining why people do what they do.

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40
Q

Basic principle of social cognition:

A

All judgment is relative; how we perceive and think about a person or an event depends on its social context.

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41
Q

Contrast effects

A

change in how good something looks in comparison to a similar item.

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42
Q

Social comparision

A
  • process by which we evaluate our abilities, achievements, attitudes, and other attributes through comparison of others.
  • this is countered through a growth mindset.
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43
Q

Schemas

A

model,framework,outline
mental models used to organize and retrieve information
stereotypes, categories, expectations, attitudes, and mind sets.

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44
Q

Priming

A

Activates schemas through subtle cues. Color perceptions in predictable ways through influence of recent current environmental events.

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45
Q

The power of the primacy effect

A

early information is more influential than later information
ex: when an individual tries to remember something from a long list of words, they will remember words listed at the beginning, instead of the middle.

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46
Q

Heuristics

A

mental operations that guide problem solving and making judgments

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47
Q

most common heuristics

A
  • representativeness heuristics
  • availability heuristics
  • affect heuristics
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48
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

focuses on surface similarities to make inferences

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49
Q

availability heuristic

A

focuses on tendency to predict an event’s likelihood or riskiness based on how easy it is to recall specific examples; priming helps

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50
Q

Affect heuristic

A

focuses on mental shortcut influenced by current emotions and used to make decisions

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51
Q

False memory

A

easily transplanted under certain conditions.

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52
Q

Self- justification

A

the desire we have to justify our actions, beliefs, and feelings.

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53
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

a state of tension that occurs whenever and individual simultaneously hods two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent.

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54
Q

Ways to reduce cognitive dissonance

A

changing one or both cognitions so that they are consistent.
adding additional cognitions to bridge the gap between the original ones.
Changing the preexisting attitude to be consistent with the behavior

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55
Q

When is behavior or thinking irrational?

A

When it prevents us from learning important facts or finding real solutions to problems.

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56
Q

When is it rational?

A

when we can maintain a positive self image that depicts us as good smart or worthwhile.

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57
Q

Capital punishment study (lord, ross and lepper)

A

we will distort information to fit our preconceived beliefs.

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58
Q

Consequences of making a decision
(when you make a difficult choice what do YOU do?)

A

we experience dissonance. a common way to reduce is to focus on the positive aspects of our choice and the negative aspects of the ones we did not choose.

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59
Q

Appliance study (Brehm)

A

Participants rated appliances and then were given the choice of two (that they had rated as equal)
Ratings increased for the selected appliance and decreased for the appliance not chosen.

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60
Q

Is dissonance reduction conscious?

A

no
people are unaware of how successfully they will reduce dissonance
Because the process is unconscious, we do not realize that is will protect us from pain in the future.

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61
Q

Foot in the door technique

A

those who asked to sign a petition on “driver safety” were more likely than controls to agree to have a huge ugly sign that says to drive carefully.

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62
Q

Relationship between external justification and internal justification?

A

if an individual states a belief that is difficult to justify externally, that person will attempt to justify it internally by making his or her attitudes more consistent with the statement or behavior.

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63
Q

What constitutes external justification?

A

punishment, reward, praise, a desire to please.

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64
Q

If we use strong punishment to get people to stop doing something they enjoy what will happen?

A

they will comply only when the punisher is present and then go right back to doing it again when they are no longer present (ex, speeding)

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65
Q

Dissonance would be most strong in situations where the self concept is?

A

threatened.

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66
Q

dissonance is greatest when

A

people feel personally responsible for their actions
their actions have serious consequences

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67
Q

The importance of self esteem

A

the role of self esteem
- we experience the most dissonance in situations that threaten our self esteem.

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68
Q

if a person works hard to attain a goal

A

that goal will be more attractive to the individual than it will be to someone who achieves the same goal with little or no effort.

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69
Q

if we think we are decent reasonable people, how do we justify our behavior when our actions hurt others?

A

excuses lol

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70
Q

When disaster is imminent…

A

deny it and think about something else (climate change)

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71
Q

Hypocrisy model

A

making individuals aware of their failure to act in accordance with their publicly expressed attitudes or beliefs, thereby inducing cognitive dissonance.

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72
Q

Conformist (team player)

A

a person who conforms to accepted behavior or established practices.

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73
Q

deviant (noncomformist)

A

departing from usual or accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behavior.

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74
Q

Groupthink

A

groups perceive themselves as invulnerable
they are blinded by optimism
optimism is perpetuated by discouraging dissent.

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75
Q

Conformity

A

a change in a person’s behavior or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group of people.

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76
Q

Chameleon effect

A

people often mirror one another’s nonverbal behavior and mannerisms.
( findings suggest that we mimic others to reflect and engender feelings of closeness)

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77
Q

Mirror neurons

A

highly specialized brain cells that are activated both when we perform and action and when we witness another person performing the same action.

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78
Q

Social learning

A

process of learning by observing

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79
Q

influences on conformity can subtle. (examples)

A

laugh tracks

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80
Q

Motives for conformity

A

belonging versus getting information.
Need to belong may have a genetic basis

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81
Q

Two reasons we might conform to others.

A

to secure our place in the group.
Check the accuracy of our initial impressions.

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82
Q

conformity increases when we have to….

A

justify our decisions.

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83
Q

Low self esteem does what to conformity

A

increases it

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84
Q

What age group is the most susceptible to conformity

A

young people.

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85
Q

Reference groups

A

groups that we belong to and identify with.

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86
Q

Descriptive norms

A

reflect out knowledge about what most people do in a given situation.

ex) when lining up in a line, the norm is to go to the end of the line and not to cut in front of others.

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87
Q

Injunctive norms

A

specify what people should do, often through explicit directives.

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88
Q

Pluralistic ignorance

A

the collective belief in a false norm created by the ambiguous behavior of others.
most people conform to the display rules.

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89
Q

emotion work

A

action out an emotion we do not really feel because we believe it is socially appropriate.

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90
Q

Compliance

A

behavior motivated by the desire to seek a reward or avoid a punishment.

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91
Q

Identification

A

behavior motivated by a desire to be like another person or group.

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92
Q

Internalization

A

a value or belief that is integrated into our own personal value system

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93
Q

Compliance is about?

A

power

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94
Q

identification is about?

A

attractiveness

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95
Q

Internalization is about?

A

Credibility.

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96
Q

Persuasion

A

when communication from one person changes the opinions, attitudes or behavior of another person.

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97
Q

opinion

A

what a person believes to be true

98
Q

attitude

A

an opinion that includes and emotional and evaluative component

99
Q

Media contagion

A

the rapid transmission of emotions or behaviors through a crowd. teen suicides.

100
Q

Why are we influenced by familiarity?

A

the more we are exposed to something the more we like it.

101
Q

Propaganda

A

the systematic propagation of a given doctrine

102
Q

education

A

the act of imparting knowledge or skill.

103
Q

Filter bubble

A

the personalized universe of information that makes it into our social media feeds and therefore gets our attention.

104
Q

Peripheral routes

A

Less judicious consideration of the message; affected by simple messages; often irrelevant cues that suggest rightness, wrongness, or attractiveness.

105
Q

Central routes

A

A more deliberate process that involves weighing arguments and considering relevant facts and figures and thinking about issues in a systematic fashionl.

106
Q

We believe those we consider to be?

A

both experts and trustworthy.

107
Q

We are influenced by people we like and with whom we?

A

perceive similarities.

108
Q

What is more effective than logical appeals?

A

fear

109
Q

high self esteem people act right away to a high ____ message

A

fear

110
Q

low self esteem people initially do not act but do so ___?

A

later

111
Q

Moral emotions

A

feelings that have a normative judgment

112
Q

statistics versus a personal example

A

one clear vivid example can have more impact than statistics

113
Q

A persuader can get us to do things if those things resonate with?

A

our self identity

114
Q

What kind of audience is most receptive?

A

a fed, relaxed, and happy audience

115
Q

Inoculation effect

A

If a weak argument is presented against your stated
position and you defeat it, the process teaches you
how to attack stronger arguments against your
position in the future.

116
Q

Aggression

A

any intentional action (physical or verbal) aimed at doing harm or causing pain

117
Q

is aggression innate or learned?

A

scientists agree it’s both.

118
Q

The number one predictor of violence is?

A

gender

119
Q

Most cases of extreme violence in the family are perpetrated by?

A

men

120
Q

relational aggression

A

hurting others by sabotaging their repuations and relationships

121
Q

Catharsis

A

a release of energy at the center of the belief that some kinds of aggressive acts can serve a useful function by “letting off steam”

122
Q

Research shows that physical activity neither ______ anger nor reduces subsequent _______.

A

dissipates; agression.

123
Q

Retaliation is typically more severe than the initial insult- what is this called?

A

overkill

124
Q

“think-drink” effect

A

when people expect alcohol to have a certain effect on them, it often does.

125
Q

What feeling is the major instigator of aggression?

A

frustration

126
Q

relative deprivation

A

the deprivation felt when we see others enjoying a better situation or when we are deprived of something relative to our expectations.

127
Q

Social cognitive learning theory

A

▪ People learn how to behave through cognitive
processes, such as their beliefs and perceptions of
events, and through observation and imitation of
others.

128
Q

Weapons effect

A

The presence of an object associated with aggression
(gun, rifle, or other weapon) can serve as a cue for an
aggressive response.
▪ “The finger pulls the trigger, but the trigger may also be
pulling the finger.”

129
Q

deindividuation

A

a state of lessened self awareness, reduced concern about what other people think of them, and weakened restraints against prohibited forms of behavior.

ex) You’re at a concert and everyone is jumping up and down, screaming loudly, so you join in.

130
Q

Desensitization

A

we become decreasingly distressed by seeing people hurt.

131
Q

hostile attribution bias

A

the tendency to interpret the
ambiguous behavior of others in a hostile manner rather
than give others the benefit of the doubt

132
Q

Altruism

A

doing something for others, even at the cost of our own immediate comfort or pleasure.

133
Q

four steps of the scientific method

A
  1. observation
  2. prediction
  3. fram that guess as a testable hypothesis
  4. design an experiment
134
Q

as control increases, impact is?

A

diminished

135
Q

Experimental realism

A

people take the experiment seriously and are involved with the procedures

136
Q

mundane

A

how similar the experimental situation is to events that people may encounter in the real world.

137
Q

The best way to achieve experimental realism is to design a setting that?

A

will be absorbing and interesting to the participants.

138
Q

Whats the point of replication?

A

helps clarify the results and ensure that the original results are repeatable.

139
Q

Three ethical problems of deception

A
  1. it is simply unethical to lie to people
  2. deception frequently leads to an invasion of privacy
  3. experimental procedures often entail some unpleasant experiences, such as pain, boredom, anxiety, or embarrassment
140
Q

Five guidelines for conduction research

A

Procedures that cause intense pain or discomfort
should be avoided.
▪ Participants should be provided real options for
quitting.
▪ Experimenters should be alert to alternative
procedures to deception.
▪ Experimenters should spend considerable time with
the participants after the experiment is over in a
debriefing session.
▪ Do not perform experiments that use deception “for
the hell of it.”

141
Q

Tomoko is asked to explain what makes her teacher so great. Tomoko responds that her teacher is a kind, gentle person. Tomoko’s appraisal of her teacher best represents:

A

the dispositional view

142
Q

Aronson’s first law reminds us that:

A

situations can cause most normal people to behave in abnormal ways.

143
Q

The authors argue that 613 parents murdering their children and then taking their own lives in the Jonestown massacre is an example of:

A

the situation and how social influence is often primarily responsible for behavior, not the personalities of subjects

144
Q

In Zimbardo’s “Stanford Prison Experiment,” young, psychologically normal men were randomly assigned to the role of playing a guard or a prisoner. After five days, the “prisoners” grew withdrawn and unsympathetic, while “guards” became sadistic and brutal. In general, the results of this study probably indicate that:

A

the situation is often primarily responsible for behavior, not the personalities of subjects

145
Q

In Asch’s study of conformity, which involved a comparison of the lengths of different lines, subjects were told that the experiment was about perceptual judgment. Telling subjects this:

A

was part of the experimenter’s cover story

146
Q

Psychiatric interviews of subjects in Milgram’s obedience study (in which subjects believed they were delivering intense electric shocks to another person) conducted one year following the study revealed:

A

that many subjects believed their participation in the study had been both instructive and enriching

147
Q

Aronson believes that the study of social psychology is:

A

an art and a science

148
Q

________ realism refers to the impact an experiment has upon a subject; ________ realism refers to the degree to which laboratory procedures are similar to commonly occurring events in the outside world.

A

Experimental; mundane

149
Q

If researchers find a positive correlation between cowardice and nosebleeds, it most likely means that:

A

there is an association between the two variables

150
Q

The postexperimental session (debriefing):

A

allows the experimenter to explain the details to the participants to protect the dignity of the participants

151
Q

The term “cognitive miser” refers to our tendency:

A

to take shortcuts in processing complex information

152
Q

Aronson reports the results of an experiment in which people who were asked to insulate their homes were given information either about how much money they would save if they insulated or about how much money they would lose if they didn’t insulate. Based on results of this study, if you were trying to sell insulation, you would be wise to:

A

emphasize how much is lost by not insulating

153
Q

Julie sees a stranger do poorly on a test. She automatically assumes that the stranger is stupid. She has committed an error best thought of as:

A

fundamental attribution error

154
Q

Elizabeth, a literature major, believes that the author James Joyce was the most brilliant writer since Shakespeare. A friend asks her if Joyce had positive attitudes about women or whether he was very sexist. Elizabeth has no knowledge whatsoever about Joyce’s private life.

Based on the halo effect, Elizabeth’s probable answer to her friend would reflect which of the following?

A

a favorable or an unfavorable impression of someone biases our future expectations and inferences about that person

155
Q

In a study by Aronson and Jones, students solved anagrams. Some students started extremely well but their performance declined, while other students started slowly but then improved. The total scores correct between the students were identical. The results indicated that coaches who were motivated to improve the students’ performance:

A

rated the slow starters as more intelligent

156
Q

The human mind’s two thinking systems are:

A

controlled processing and automatic processing

157
Q

According to a survey gauging people’s reactions to scientific evidence that smoking cigarettes causes cancer:

A

smokers were far less likely to believe the report than nonsmokers were

158
Q

Darrin Lehman and Shelley Taylor studied college students who lived in Los Angeles, the site of an impending earthquake. In their interviews with students, they found that:

A

students living in seismically unsafe buildings tended to underestimate the damage that would result from a major quake

159
Q

Aronson argues that typically when dissonance arises, it is because we:

A

have done something that violates our view of ourselves

160
Q

In a study discussed in the text, students were paid either $20 or $1 for telling collaborative subjects that a dull task was actually interesting. Which group showed greater attitude change in actually rating the task as interesting?

A

The group that told the lie for $1

161
Q

Cognitive dissonance is defined as a state of tension:

A

that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent

162
Q

Research participants were less likely to blame the victim in Harber’s research that used a sexual assault scene from the movie The Accused when:

A

they were instructed to feely express their deepest thoughts and feelings about the movie

163
Q

In a study by Davis and Jones, subjects volunteered to insult a “fellow student” by telling him he was a shallow, untrustworthy, and dull person. How did these subjects justify their hurtful behavior toward the other student, who had done nothing to deserve criticism?

A

By finding the other student less attractive than before they had insulted him

164
Q

Meeus and Raaijmakers found that subjects were more likely to make negative remarks about a job applicant’s performance if:

A

the subjects believed the applicant would not be receiving the remarks until some later time

165
Q

According to the research by Chartrand and Bargh, students:

A

liked chameleons more than nonchameleons

166
Q

Aronson describes a study in which male students were observed showering to determine if they complied with a request to conserve water. Subjects showered alone, with a conserving model, or with two conserving models. The percentages of subjects who conserved water in the alone, one model, two model conditions were:

A

6%, 49%, 67%, respectively

167
Q

According to Irving Janis, the maladaptive phenomenon of “groupthink” is more likely to occur when:

A

concurrence-seeking processes override realistic considerations of alternative courses of action

168
Q

A good rule of thumb to use in predicting conformity in an ambiguous situation is that there will be a greater dependence on __________ when physical reality is lacking as a basis for judgment.

A

social reality

169
Q

In Milgram’s study of obedience, which of the following participants was (were) a confederate of the experimenter?

A

the learner

170
Q

Which of the following is not characteristic of internalization?

A

It is based on the admiration or liking of another.

171
Q

In his studies of obedience to authority, Milgram found that:

A

the closer subjects were to the victim, the less they shocked him

172
Q

Appeals to identity in persuasive messages are ______ to persuade people to action.

A

more likely

173
Q

In a study by Hovland and Weiss, subjects heard arguments regarding the feasibility of atomic submarines. Subjects were more persuaded by physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer rather than the Soviet newspaper Pravda because:

A

Oppenheimer was perceived as an expert and trustworthy source of information, unlike Pravda

174
Q

Generally, high-fear appeals are more effective than low-fear appeals in producing behavior change when:

A

specific instructions are provided on how to avoid painful consequences

175
Q

One way of decreasing the persuadability of members of an audience is:

A

to forewarn them that someone is going to try to persuade them

176
Q

“Persuasive communications, if blatant or coercive, can be perceived as intruding upon one’s freedom of choice, thereby activating a person’s defenses to resist the messages.” This statement reflects the central idea of which of the following theories or concepts?

A

reactance theory

177
Q

To change a person’s attitude the most, a communicator should present a position that is highly distant or discrepant from the person’s initial position.

A

The statement is true only for high-credibility communicators.

178
Q

According to research presented in the text, people with high self-esteem are most likely to be persuaded by campaigns using:

A

high fear

179
Q

Both opinions and attitudes are primarily cognitive in nature. However, attitudes:

A

have both an emotional and an evaluative component

180
Q

A Gallup poll found that each additional violent sequence per hour of TV predicted a _____ increase in the number of people who said they were afraid to walk alone at night in their neighborhood.

A

1%

181
Q

According to Feshbach and Feshbach’s correlational study of empathy and aggression in children:

A

as empathy increases, aggression decreases

182
Q

A meta-analysis of 98 studies that included nearly 37,000 research participants found:

A

that both violent and prosocial video games have direct effects on their players

183
Q

Patterson measured the hostility of high school football players both one week before and one week after the football season. He found that:

A

players exhibited an increase in hostility over the course of the season

184
Q

The “think-drink” effect indicates that aggressive behavior in men may be strongly related to:

A

the men’s expectations about the effects of alcohol

185
Q

Kuo conducted a study in which he raised a kitten in the same cage as a rat. As an adult, the cat refrained from attacking the rat, and, in fact, the two became close companions. The cat never chased or attacked any other rats as well. This study indicates that:

A

aggressive behavior can be inhibited by early experiences

186
Q

In a study by Berkowitz, subjects were made angry in a room containing either a gun or a badminton racket. Later, when given a chance to administer shocks to a “fellow student,” subjects who had been in the room with the gun shocked the other person more than those who had been in the room containing the badminton racket. This study demonstrates:

A

the power of “aggressive cues” in facilitating aggressive behavior

187
Q

In Kahn’s experiment, students could express their hostile feelings toward a medical technician who had made derogatory remarks about them. Compared to students who were not allowed to vent, students who vented:

A

disliked the technician more after expressing their aggression

187
Q

The pain we receive always feels ________ the pain we inflict.

A

more intense as

188
Q

Categorization

A

The grouping of objects or people by key characteristics

189
Q

Prejudice

A

negative attitude toward all members of a distinguishable group, based solely on their membership in the group.

190
Q

When does categorization start

A

in infancy; early on, we can categorize by gender, age and race (visual)

191
Q

Stereotype

A

reflects the belief that a particular attribute is characteristic of the group as a whole regardless of the actual variation among the group’s members.

192
Q

Glick and fiske (on sexism)

A

Hostile sexists: hold negative stereotypes of women
Benevolent sexists: hold positive stereotypes of women.

193
Q

Are there any prejudice free humans?

A

nope

194
Q

The second component of prejudice is _______, rooted in gut feelings that resist rational argument

A

emotional

195
Q

What part of the brain has elevated activity when you see pictures of an outgroup member but little response when you see someone in the in group?

A

amygdala
(The amygdala is a small part of the brain that plays a key role in processing emotions, especially fear, and social stimuli)

196
Q

Discrimination

A

unfair treatment of members of a stigmatized group.

197
Q

Does the gender pay gap still exist?

A

yes :(

198
Q

Black children are suspended at nearly ____ _____ the rate of white children even in preschool

A

three times

199
Q

What do social scientists believe about people who are prejudiced but conceal it?

A

Social scientists believe that a significant number of people continue to be prejudiced but are concealing it—even from themselves.

200
Q

How does the Implicit Association Test (IAT) work?

A

it measures the speed of people’s positive and negative associations to a target group. Here’s how it works: You sit at a console and are shown a series of faces you must sort as quickly as you can.

201
Q

How do many people who regard themselves as unprejudiced behave under certain conditions?

A

Many people who genuinely regard themselves as being unprejudiced will, under certain conditions, behave in a prejudiced way.

202
Q

What is a key factor in justifying our biases?

A

Whether we believe an individual has control over his or her situation.

203
Q

Four basic social-psychological causes of prejudice

A
  1. Economic and political competition or conflict
  2. Displaced aggression
  3. Maintenance of status or self image.
  4. Conformity to existing social norms.
204
Q

Data suggests that competition and conflict breed what?

A

prejudice
- these goals can be political, economical, or ideological.

205
Q

Scapegoating

A

the process of blaming innocent and powerless others for our troubles

206
Q

demagouge

A

a political leader who seeks support by appealing to the desires and prejudices of ordinary people rather than by using a rational argument.

207
Q

What is a powerful determinant of prejudice?

A

A powerful determinant of prejudice is embedded in our need to justify our behavior and sense of self.

208
Q

Several studies have shown that a good predictor of prejudice is whether a person’s social status is?

A

low or declining

209
Q

Looking down on outgroups can do what to our self esteem

A

boost our self esteem.

210
Q

attributional ambiguity

A

creates the difficulty that members of minority groups may have in interpreting the feedback they receive about their work.

211
Q

Prejudice through conformity

A

if the people around us hate a certain group, we will hate the same group to fit in with the ‘in’ group.

212
Q

Self fulfilling prophecy

A

our stereotypes cause us to act in such a way as to elicit from those others the very characteristics and behaviors we expect. (we are mean to someone we perceive as mean, causing them to be mean.)

213
Q

Stereotype threat

A

people who are targets of negative stereotypes can ironically, end up confirming them by trying to disconfirm them.

214
Q

When one person hurts another, the aggressors tends to blame the?

A

target, turn the victim into a non person and hurt that other person again.

215
Q

Why don’t information campaigns work?

A

people are not inclined to sit still and take in information that is dissonant with their beliefs and attitudes.

216
Q

Contact hypothesis

A

once brought into direct contact, prejudiced people would encounter real human beings rather than stereotypes, leading to greater mutual understanding and friendship.

217
Q

Interdependence

A

a situation in which individuals need one another to succeed in reaching a mutual goal.

218
Q

Jigsaw classroom.

A

changed system to require cooperation and interdependence among students.

219
Q

Outcome of the jigsaw classroom.

A

students quickly let go of sterotypical expectations and worked together.

220
Q

Perspective talking

A

actively contemplating others experiences, otherwise known as empathy- strongly reduced automatic expression of racial bias.

221
Q

Four consistent factors have a profound influence on our choice of friends and lovers, what are they?

A

1.Close proximity
2.Those we think are similar
3. Those who like us
4.Those who are physically attractive

222
Q

Why is close proximity important in our choice of friends and lovers

A
  • proximity makes it likelier that we will have repeated exposure
  • we crave familiarity
223
Q

Why is similarity important in our choice of friends and lovers

A
  • people who share our attitudes and opinions provide us with social validation for our beliefs
  • PERCEIVED similarity is enough to increase attraction.
224
Q

Pratfall effect

A

a high degree of competence makes us more attractive, but some evidence of fallibility increases our attractiveness still further.

225
Q

Why is being liked important in our choice of friends and lovers

A
  • insecure people will accept almost anyone who expresses interest
  • secure people are more selective
  • someone who is insecure may even seek out a less attractive person to diminish the possibility of being rejected
225
Q

Why is close physical attractiveness important in our choice of friends and lovers

A
  • in long term relationships the similarity of the attractiveness was crucial in determining whether they stayed together.
  • what is beautiful is good, but what is good becomes beautiful.
226
Q

Paradox of choice

A

an abundance of choice leads people to be less happy with the choices they finally make.

227
Q

Gain loss theory of attraction

A

increases in positive, rewarding behavior from another person have more impact on us than does constantly rewarding behavior from that person.

228
Q

gain situation in attraction

A

you will like someone most if they dislike you initially and grow to like you.

229
Q

loss situation in attraction

A

you will dislike someone most if they like you initially and grow to dislike you.

230
Q

Exchange relationships

A

relationships in which the people involved are concerned about reciprocity and equity.

231
Q

Communal relationships

A

neither of the partners keep score. They believe it will all balance out in the end.

232
Q

The closer and more intimate the relationship the more _____ it becomes.

A

communal

233
Q

Passionate love

A

characterized by strong emotions, exhilaration, unquenchable sexual desire, and intense preoccupation with the beloved.

234
Q

Companionate love

A

a milder, more stable experience marked by feelings of mutual trust, dependability, and warmth.

235
Q

Does passionate love or companionate love deepen over time

A

companionate love

236
Q

Authenticity in relationships

A

the freedom to share your true feelings and beliefs (even negative ones) with your partner

237
Q

Four destructive forms of communication

A
  1. hostile criticism
  2. defensiveness
  3. contempt
  4. stonewalling
238
Q

Straight talk

A

a person’s clear statement of his or her feelings and concerns without accusing, blaming, judging, or ridiculing the other person

239
Q

Why is immediate feedback imporant

A

direct expression of a feeling helps prevent its escalation, which is harder to resolve.

240
Q

is it better to express feelings or judgements to another person

A

Feelings are more effective to express.

Social psychology, 3510 (2 decks)

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