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Cell Bio III > Final extra material > Flashcards

Final extra material Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Wnt (Wnt/beta-catenin) signaling pathway

A

fig 3.16

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2
Q

What are antagonists of paracrine factors?

A

secreted molecules that block the action of paracrine factors

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3
Q

What is involved in the downregulation of BMP?

A
  • Noggin
  • Chordin
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4
Q

What is Direct Cell Contact?

A

Contact between the inducing and responding cells

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5
Q

What does the delta-notch pathway do?

A

controls multiple cell differentiation processes during embryonic and adult life and is dysregulated in many cancers

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6
Q

Where do you see the delta noch pathway?

A
  • Gliogenesis
  • Left-reight asymmetry determination
  • Somite Formation
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7
Q

What is the function of Lunatic Fringe?

A
  • Acts in the Golgi to modify Notch and alter the ability of Notch to bind its ligand Delta
  • Establishes the anterior boundary of somites
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8
Q

How is the extracellular matrix involved in cell communication?

A

The matrix of one cell induces change in another cell

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9
Q

What are Integrin?

A
  • The principal receptors used by animal cells to bind to the extracellular matrix
  • Heterodimers
  • Function as transmembrane linkers between the extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton
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10
Q

What are some signaling pathway examples?

A
  • Branch points for multiple responses
  • Crosstalk; integration of multiple signals
  • Reciprocal communication/induction
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11
Q

How do cells become committed to forming a particular tissue?

A

Cells receive signals that cause them to develop down a certain pathway

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12
Q

Cell Fate is…

A

What a cell or tissue will develop into during the development

When a cell first becomes committed to a particular fate, it does not appear phenotypically different from its uncommitted state.

Having a particular normal fate does not imply that a cell could not develop differently if placed in a different environment

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13
Q

Potency is…

A

What a cell or tissue could become during development if it were allowed to develop in another envirinent

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14
Q

What is cell commitment?

A

The state in which a cell’s developmental fate has become restricted even though it is not yet displaying overt changes in cellular biochemistry and function

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15
Q

Cell Specification…

A

Occurs when a group of cells gain a bias toward certain fate (the normal fate) and if isolated and cultures in a neutral medium they develop according to normal cell fate

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16
Q

Determination is when…

A

Cell fate becomes irreversible: a stable change in the internal state of a cell occurs such that its fate is now fixed, or determined.
A determined cell can not longer develop in accordance with new environment signals

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17
Q

What is induction?

A

Instructive signals from one cell or tissue that cause a change in the cellular behavior of adjacent responding cells

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18
Q

What is competence?

A

Cells in the presence of the signal must be competent to respond for a change to occur

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19
Q

What are two ways cells can be differentially induced?

A
  1. Morphogen Gradients
  2. Lateral Inhibition
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20
Q

Morphogen Gradients

A

Cells respond to signals in a concentration-dependent manner

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21
Q

What are morphogens used for?

A

To give positional information

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22
Q

What are morphogens?

A

signaling molecules that emanate from a restricted region of tissue and spread away from their source to form a concentration gradient.

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23
Q

What are morphogen gradients used for?

A

they are used for spatial regulation of gene expression

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24
Q

Morphogen-concentration-dependent induction of….

A

gene expression

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25
Q

activators and repressors determine

A

expression patterns

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26
Q

When does combinatorial gene control occur?

A

when gene expression requires the presence or absence of a particular combination of regulatory proteins (TFs)

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27
Q

TFs can be used in different combinations to do what?

A

to regulate different genes

enabling the organism to have innumerable expression patterns with a limited number of TFs

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28
Q

what is a regulatory gene hierarchy?

A

it is a cascade of gene expression where the gene products in each class control the expression of the genes in the next class

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29
Q

Pax

A

regional specifications

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30
Q

How does the cascade of gene expression begin?

A

It begins when signals from the maternal proteins activate a set of genes called “gap” genes along with the axis between the anterior and posterior halves of the embryo

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31
Q

Hox

A

Segmental specifications

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32
Q

How are “gap genes” expressed?

A

each gap gene is expressed in a specific domain in the embryo

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33
Q

What are pair-rule genes?

A

they refine domains

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34
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

One cell produces an inhibitor that prevents neighboring cells from differentiation with a particular fate.

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35
Q

What are the steps of lateral inhibition

A
  1. Cell starts off as equivalent
  2. A stochastic (chance) event causes one cell to produce more of a signal molecule at some particular critical time
  3. This difference is amplified until the cells become different types
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36
Q

How do the cells of the early embryo appear?

A

they are morphologically identical
they are only distinguished only by their inner/outer positions at 16-and 32- cell stages

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37
Q

Totipotency exists until…

A

at least 16-cell stage

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38
Q

Inner Cells —>

A

inner cell mass

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39
Q

Outer Cells —>

A

trophoblast

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40
Q

Trophoblast

A

supporting structures;
contributes to placenta

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41
Q

Cells of the Inner Cell Mass are…

A

pluripotent

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42
Q

Cultured ICM cells =

A

ES cells ( embryonic stem cells )

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43
Q

What do polar cells with apical and basal surfaces form?

A

outer cells

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44
Q

What do nonpolar cells form?

A

inner cells

45
Q

What is the role of Oct 4?

A

Oct4 plays an essential role in the development of pluripotent cells in the embryo and plays a role in the self-renewal of its in vitro counterpart, (ES) cells

46
Q

Oct4 is an essential…

A

Transcriptional regulator

47
Q

What are Oct4’s functions during different stages

A
  • Pluripotency maintenance
  • Cell differentiation
  • Transdifferentiation
  • Reprogramming to iPS cells
48
Q

How does the differentiation into trophoblasts & ICM occur?

A

This occurs by the reciprocal interaction between Oct4 & Cdx2

49
Q

The pluripotency network is maintained by what 3 transcription factors?

A
  1. Oct4
  2. Nanog
  3. Sox2
50
Q

What does ICM differentiate into?

A

Epiblast and Hypoblast

51
Q

What orchestrates the differentiation to epiblast and hypoblast in the late blastocyst or (bilaminar disk)?

A

Nanog and Gata6

52
Q

What is asymmetry?

A

Allows for differential cell fates and body axis formation

53
Q

When is asymmetry established?

A

it is established during egg formation and/or very early development

54
Q

What is localized asymmetrically in the frog egg?

A

Determinants

55
Q

What are some antagonists of BMP?

A
  • Noggin
  • Chordin
  • DAN/cerberus
56
Q

What are some antagonists of Wnt?

A
  • Dickkopf
  • Cerberus
57
Q

Nodal

A

Lefty-1
Cerberus-like

58
Q

What are the steps in producing the anterior and posterior axis?

A
  1. Formation of bilaminar embryo & posterior marginal zone
  2. Two signaling centers develop.
59
Q

The Wnts form what?

A

The posterior marginal zone

60
Q

What does the nodal do?

A

It promotes primitive streak formation in the epiblast

61
Q

What are the anterior signaling centers?

A

Anti-Wnt
nodal antagonists

62
Q

What are the posterior signaling centers?

A

Wnts
Nodal (TGF-beta)

63
Q

Examples of Left-Right Asymmetry

A
  • Visceral organs of the thorax
  • Brain and Nervous system
  • Immune hypersensitivity
64
Q

What are the three principle steps of left-right asymmetry?

A
  1. Breaking bilateral symmetry
  2. Propagation & reinforcement of an asymmetric signal
  3. Translation of the signals into asymmetric organ morphogenesis
65
Q

What is formed at the end of gastrulation/early embryogenesis

A
  • Trilaminar embryo
  • 2 signaling centers
  • Notochord (source of inducing signals)
  • Tissue specification that are not obvious
66
Q

What happens during weeks 4-8: organogenesis?

A
  • Major external & internal structures are established
  • By the end of the 8th week (10 weeks gestational age), the shape of the embryo has a distinctly human appearance.
67
Q

What are some major large-scale changes that happen in Organogenesis?

A
  • Organs and tissues form from the germ layers
  • Cardiovascular system becomes functional
  • Exposure to teratogens may cause major congenital abnormalities
  • Mesodermal and endodermal organs occur synchronously with neural tube formation in an anterior and posterior direction
  • The embryo folds into the “tube-within-a-tube” body plan as development proceeds into organogenesis (bird and mammal)
  • Pattern formation: the embryo is organized into large regions, then smaller regions, and finally segments from which tissues and organs are produced
68
Q

The formation of mesodermal and endodermal organs occurs synchronously with…

A

neural tube formation in an anterior to posterior direction

69
Q

What are the three flat germ layers

A
  • Lateral folds
  • Head Fold
  • Tail Fold
70
Q

Folding results from…

A

rapid growth of the embryo

71
Q

What is the formation of the body axes known as?

A

Breaking symmetry

72
Q

What are steps in pattern formation?

A
  1. Formation of the body axes
  2. Organization of the embryo into smaller regions – segments
  3. Segments develop specific characteristics
  4. Tissues & organs are produced
73
Q

What are the steps in pattern formation?

A
  1. Formation of the body axes
  2. Organization of the embryo into smaller regions – segments
  3. Segments develop specific characteristics
  4. Tissues & organs are produced
74
Q

What forms from the surface ectoderm?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Lens, cornea
  • Anterior pituitary
75
Q

What forms from the neural crest?

A
  • Facial Cartilage
  • Peripheral nervous system
76
Q

What forms from the neural tube?

A
  • Brain
  • Neural Pituitary
  • Spinal cord
  • Retina
77
Q

What two processes help form the neural tube?

A

Cell shape and adhesion changes

78
Q

What two processes help form the neural tube?

A

Cell shape and adhesion changes

79
Q

What are the derivatives of the Rhombencephalon?

A

Metencephalon and Myelencehalon

80
Q

What are the derivatives of the Prosencephalon?

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

81
Q

What 5-part brain structure forms the cerebrum?

A

Telencephalon

82
Q

What 5-part brain structure forms the Optic Vesicle?

A

Diencephalon

83
Q

What 5-part brain structure forms the Midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

84
Q

What 5-part brain structure forms the cerebellum?

A

Metencephalon

85
Q

What 5-part brain structure forms the Medulla?

A

Myelencephalon

86
Q

What does BMP-4 allow?

A

Ventral development

87
Q

When chordin and noggin are present what is allowed to develop?

A

Dorsal development is allowed

88
Q

What axis does Nodal and Wnts gradients form?

A

Anterior-Posterior

89
Q

What signaling centers develop the Anterior region?

A

Anti-wnts
Nodal antagonists

90
Q

What two transcription factors are expressed on either side of the isthmic organizer?

A

Otx-2 (Anterior side, Forebrain/Midbrain)
Gbx-2 (Posterior side, Hindbrain/spinal cord)

91
Q

Where are FGF-8 and Wnt-1 each synthesized in relation to the isthmic organizer?

A

FGF-8: Posterior
Want-1: Anterior

92
Q

FGF-8 and Wnt-1 induce a gradient of which transcription factors on both sides of the isthmic organizer?

A

Engrailed (En-1 and En-2) and Pax2 and Pax5

93
Q

Which transcriptions factors subdivide the early neural tube into three divisions?

A

Pax2/5 and Pax 6

94
Q

In posterior neural development, what three signaling pathways are involved?

A

Wnt
FGF
Retinoic acid

95
Q

What does wnt/B-catenin activity to do the embryonic nervous system?

A

It caudalizes the embryonic nervous system

96
Q

How are Hox genes expressed?

A

In a temporal and spatial order that reflects their order on the chromosome

97
Q

What are Hox genes regulated by?

A

Transcription factors
Gene position
miRNAs

98
Q

In the formation and differentiation of mesoderm, how do dorsal/ventral divisions form?

A

As medial/lateral divisions respectively.
Medial becomes dorsal, lateral becomes ventral

99
Q

What are the four trunk subdivisions of mesoderm?

A

Intermediate mesoderm
Chordamesoderm
Paraxial mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm

100
Q

What does the chordamesoderm form?

A

Notocord

101
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm form?

A

Somites, which forms:
Sclerotome
Dermatome
Myotome

102
Q

What does the sclerotome form?

A

Axial skeleton

103
Q

What does the dermatome form?

A

Dermis of the back

104
Q

What does the myotome form?

A

Epaxial myotome —> back muscles
Hypaxial myotome —> limb muscles

105
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm form?

A

The urogenital system:
Kidneys and Gonads

106
Q

What mesoderm layers does the lateral plate mesoderm split into?

A

Somatic mesoderm
Splanchnic mesoderm

107
Q

What does the somatic mesoderm form?

A

Limb skeleton
Blood vessels

108
Q

What does the splanchnic mesoderm form?

A

Smooth muscle of the gut and respiratory tract
Heart
Circulatory system

Cell Bio III (3 decks)

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