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Final Exams - Science Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the characteristics of a chemical reaction?

A
  • colour change
  • precipitate
  • gas produced
  • temperature change
  • disappearance of a solid
  • odour produce
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2
Q

Define the term endothermic.

A
  • chemical reaction
  • absorbs energy in the form of heat.
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3
Q

What is combustion?

A
  • exothermic reaction
  • between a fuel and oxygen gas releasing heat.
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4
Q

Define the term exothermic.

A
  • chemical reaction
  • releases energy in the form of light or heat.
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5
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A
  • exothermic
  • glucose + oxygen –> carbon-dioxide + water + energy
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6
Q

What is a precipitation reaction?

A
  • chemical reaction
  • two solutions produce a solid precipitate
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7
Q

What are the products of both complete and incomplete combustion?

A

Complete: carbon dioxide + water

Incomplete: carbon + carbon monoxide + water

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8
Q

What is a word equation for cellular respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

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9
Q

Explain the Conservation of Mass.

A
  • New substances are formed during a chemcial reaction
  • the atoms are re-arranged, NOT created or destroyed
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10
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest unit of matter that has mass.

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11
Q

Describe the formation of an ion.

A

The loss or gain of an electron to obtain a full outer shell.

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12
Q

What is an ion?

A
  • An ion is a charged atom or molecule.
  • the number of electrons do not equal the number of protons in the atom or molecule.
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13
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

The attraction between oppositely charged metal and non-metal ions.

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14
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

The sharing of one pair of electrons between two non-metal atoms

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15
Q

True or False? Compounds can be decomposed by chemical means.

A

True.

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16
Q

What is decomposition?

A
  • chemical reaction
  • requires energy input to break down a reactant into two or more simpler substances.
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17
Q

What are the characteristics of acids?

A
  • sour taste
  • feels gritty
  • corrosive (rust metals)
  • pH of less than 7
  • contain hydrogen
  • neutralises bases
  • turns blue litmus paper red
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18
Q

What are the characteristics of bases?

A
  • bitter taste
  • slippery feel
  • pH of more than 7
  • turns red litmus paper blue
  • blue/purple universal indicator
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19
Q

In solutions, what ions do acids and bases have?

A

Acids : hydrogen ions (H)

Bases : hydroxide ions (OH)

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20
Q

What chemical reaction is digestion in the stomach?

A
  • releases energy ( exothermic )
  • chemical decomposition of proteins into smaller substances (amino acids)
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21
Q

What is an enzyme?

A
  • a type of catalyst
  • found in the body to help assist digestion
  • an example of an enzyme is pepsin
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22
Q

What is corrosion?

A
  • chemical reaction
  • usually between a metal an acid (or oxygen gas)
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23
Q

Give an example of an acid + metal word equation.

A

magnesium + hydrochloric acid → magnesium chloride + hydrogen

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24
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that increases the rate of reaction but is not consumed by the reaction.

25
Q

Describe the test for carbon-dioxide.

A
  • lime water reacts with carbon dioxide to produce a precipitate of calcium carbonate.
26
Q

Describe the test for hydrogen gas.

A
  • bring a lit match next to the gas and it should pop
  • The name of the salt changed depending on the name of the acid and metal.
27
Q

Describe the test for oxygen.

A
  • Oxygen is the only gas that will support burning.
  • It is the only gas that will relight a glowing splint.
28
Q

What is neutralisation?

A
  • chemical reaction
  • involves an acid + base = salt and water .
29
Q

Give an example of a neutralisation reaction word equation.

A

sulfuric acid + potassium hydroxide → potassium sulfate + water

30
Q

Give examples of acids.

A
  • hydrochloric acid
    • HCl
  • nitric acid
    • HNO3
  • sulfuric acid
    • H2SO4
31
Q

Give examples of bases.

A
  • Sodium hydroxide
    • NaOH
  • Potassium hydroxide
    • KOH
  • Calcium hydroxide
    • CaOH
32
Q

How to classify binary compounds as ionic or covalent:

A
  • metal and a non-metal = ionic.
  • two non-metals = covalent
33
Q

How are respiration and combustion similar reactions?

A

They are both:

  • Exothermic
  • Involve the reaction between a fuel or oxygen
  • Produce CO2 + H2O + energy
34
Q

Covalent bonds

A
  • non-metal —> non-metal
  • H2O
  • shared electrons
35
Q

Outline evidence for continental drift as gathered by Alfred Wegener.

A
  • Shape of continents
  • Location of fossils
  • Ancient mountain ranges
36
Q

Describe the asthenosphere

A
  • The upper layer of the earth’s mantle, below the lithosphere
  • relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur here
37
Q

Describe the lithosphere

A
  • crust + upper mantle
38
Q

Describe hydrosphere

A
  • Any form of water on the Earth’s surface
    • lakes
    • oceans
    • water in clouds
39
Q

Describe the biosphere

A
  • Any surface of the Earth occupied by living organisms
40
Q

Describe the atmosphere

A
  • The gases surrounding the Earth or any other planet
41
Q

What causes the movements of Earth’s plates and continental drift?

A

Convection currents in the asthenosphere

42
Q

What can be used to determine the structure of the Earth?

A
  • P & S (Primary and Secondary) earthquake waves
    • describe
  • geological methods
    • describe
43
Q

Describe the functions of the uterus

A

Protects the developing baby

44
Q

Describe the functions of the ovary

A

Stores / Releases eggs

45
Q

Describe the functions of the vagina

A

Tube connecting uterus to the outside world

46
Q

Describe the functions of the fallopian tubes / oviduct

A

Carries the egg from the ovary to the uterus

47
Q

Describe the functions of the testes

A

Produces sperm

48
Q

Describe the functions of the scrotum

A

Sac of skin that protects the testes

49
Q

Describe the functions of the sperm duct

A

Carries sperm to the urethra

50
Q

Describe the functions of the epididymus

A

Stores sperm

51
Q

Describe the functions of the seminal vesicle

A

Produces solution to clean the urethra

52
Q

Outline the role of genes in passing characteristics from one generation to the next

A
  • Unlike most biological molecules, DNA can replicate itself, with the help of specialized proteins.
  • Each strand of bases can serve as a template for duplication during cell division
  • The basic cellular unit of heredity is the chromosome
  • Scientists can observe the replication and transmission of chromosomes from cell to cell under a microscope
  • Copied DNA is transmitted not only from one cell to the next, but also from parent to child through the egg and sperm cell.
  • It has also been observed that many specific DNA sequences are conserved from species to species, a demonstration of the relatedness of all living things.
  • Therefore, in addition to variation, DNA also is responsible for biological continuity.
53
Q

How does the Watson-Crick model explain the exact replication of DNA?

A

It can unwind two identical sides, and form an identical copy of the DNA.

54
Q

Define the term mutation

A

A fault in the DNA sequence

55
Q

Evolution

A
  • the gradual development of something
  • descent with modification
56
Q

Natural selection

A
  • Natural selection is the process where organisms with favourable traits are more likely to reproduce.
  • In doing so, they pass on these traits to the next generation
  • Over time this process allows organisms to adapt to their environment.
57
Q

Darwin’s theory of natural selection

A
  • “survival of the fittest”
  • mechanism for evolution
58
Q

What are some examples of natural selection?

A
  • In a habitat there are red bugs and green bugs. The birds prefer the taste of the red bugs, so soon there are many green bugs and few red bugs. The green bugs reproduce and make more green bugs and eventually there are no more red bugs.
  • Sharks are colored white on the underside and blue or grey on the top. This is their camouflage as the top blends with the water color to someone looking down into the water and the bottom blends with the light coming through the water from above.
59
Q

Darwin’s theory of natural selection

A
  • “survival of the fittest”
  • mechanism for evolution

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