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Science > Cauldron Chemistry > Flashcards

Cauldron Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of a chemical reaction?

A
  • colour change
  • precipitate
  • gas produced
  • temperature change
  • disappearance of a solid
  • odour produced
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2
Q

Define the term endothermic.

A
  • chemical reaction
  • absorbs energy in the form of heat.
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3
Q

What is combustion?

A
  • exothermic reaction
  • between a fuel and oxygen gas releasing heat.
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4
Q

Define the term exothermic.

A
  • chemical reaction
  • releases energy in the form of light or heat.
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5
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A
  • exothermic
  • involves the reaction of glucose with oxygen.
  • produces carbon-dioxide + water + energy
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6
Q

What is a precipitation reaction?

A
  • chemical reaction
  • two solutions to produce a solid precipitate.
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7
Q

What are the products of both complete and incomplete combustion?

A

Complete: carbon dioxide + water

Incomplete: carbon + carbon monoxide + water

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8
Q

What is a word equation for cellular respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

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9
Q

Explain the Conservation of Mass.

A
  • New substances are formed during a chemcial reaction
  • the atoms are re-arranged, NOT created or destroyed
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10
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest unit of matter that has mass.

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11
Q

Describe the formation of an ion.

A

The loss or gain of an electron to obtain a full outer shell.

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12
Q

What is an ion?

A
  • An ion is a charged atom or molecule.
  • the number of electrons do not equal the number of protons in the atom or molecule.
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13
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

The attraction between oppositley charged metal and non-metal ions.

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14
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

The sharing of one pair of electrons between two non-metal atoms

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15
Q

True or False? Compounds can be decomposed by chemical means.

A

True.

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16
Q

What is decomposition?

A
  • chemical reaction
  • requires energy input to break down a reactant into two or more simpler substances.
17
Q

What are the characteristics of acids?

A
  • sour taste
  • feels gritty
  • corrosive (rust metals)
  • pH of less than 7
  • contain hydrogen
  • neutralises bases
  • turns blue litmus paper red
18
Q

What are the characteristics of bases?

A
  • bitter taste
  • slippery feel
  • pH of more than 7
  • turns red litmus paper blue
  • blue/purple universal indicator
19
Q

In solutions, what ions do acids and bases have?

A

Acids: hydrogen ions (H)

Bases: hydroxide ions (OH)

20
Q

What chemical reaction is digestion in the stomach?

A
  • releases energy (exothermic).
  • chemical decomposition of proteins into smaller substances (amino acids)
21
Q

What is an enzyme?

A
  • a type of catalyst
  • found in the body to help assist digestion
  • an example of an enzyme is pepsin.
22
Q

What is corrosion?

A
  • chemical reaction
  • usually between a metal an acid (or oxygen gas)
23
Q

Give an example of an acid + metal word equation.

A

magnesium + hydrochloric acid → magnesium chloride + hydrogen

24
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that increases the rate of reaction but is not consumed by the reaction.

25
Q

Describe the test for carbon-dioxide.

A
  • lime water reacts with carbon dioxide to produce a precipitate of calcium carbonate.
26
Q

Describe the test for hydrogen gas.

A
  • bring a lit match next to the gas and it should pop.
  • The name of the salt changed depending on the name of the acid and metal.
27
Q

Describe the test for oxygen.

A
  • Oxygen is the only gas that will support burning.
  • It is the only gas that will relight a glowing splint.
28
Q

What is neutralisation?

A
  • chemical reaction
  • involves an acid + base = salt and water.
29
Q

Give an example of a neutralisation reaction word equation.

A

sulfuric acid + potassium hydroxide → potassium sulfate + water

30
Q

Give examples of acids.

A
  • hydrochloric acid
    • HCl
  • nitric acid
    • HNO3
  • sulfuric acid
    • H2SO4
31
Q

Give examples of bases.

A
  • Sodium hydroxide
    • NaOH
  • Potassium hydroxide
    • KOH
  • Calcium hydroxide
    • CaOH
32
Q

How to classify binary compounds as ionic or covalent:

A
  • metal and a non-metal = ionic.
  • two non-metals = covalent.
33
Q

How are respiration and combustion similar reactions?

A

They are both:

  • Exothermic
  • Involve the reaction between a fuel or oxygen
  • Produce CO2 + H2O + energy

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