Final Exam Vocabulary

Question 1

solvent

Answer 1

the most abundant component of a solution

Question 2

osmosis

Answer 2

the movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane in response to a concentration gradient

Question 3

supersaturated

Answer 3

a solution that contains more than the maximum amount of dissolved solute

Question 4

electrolyte

Answer 4

a substance that forms an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in water

Question 5

colloids

Answer 5

solids with e.s.d. between 0.001 μm and 0.2 μm dispersed in a fluid

Question 6

endothermic

Answer 6

a chemical reaction or physical change in which the system absorbs heat from the surroundings

Question 7

entropy

Answer 7

the thermodynamic variable that quantifies the amount of disorder in a system

Question 8

molality

Answer 8

the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent

Question 9

colligative property

Answer 9

a property of a solution that depends only on the amount of solute present and not on the chemical properties of the solute

Question 10

miscible

Answer 10

liquids that are completely soluble in each other

Question 11

activation energy

Answer 11

the height of the energy barrier between reactants and products for a chemical reaction

Question 12

intermediate state

Answer 12

the reactive arrangement of atoms that forms in an initial stage of a reaction mechanism and reacts in a subsequent stage of the mechanism

Question 13

frequency factor

Answer 13

the name of the variable in the Arrhenius equation that is influenced by the geometry of the reactant molecules

Question 14

heterogenous catalysis

Answer 14

the type of catalysis where the catalyst and reactants are in different phases

Question 15

termolecular

Answer 15

the molecularity of an elementary step with three reactants

Question 16

integrated rate law

Answer 16

an equation that calculates reactant concentration as a function of time since the start of the reaction

Question 17

adsorption

Answer 17

the binding of a molecule to the surface of a solid substance

Question 18

protein

Answer 18

a type of molecule made from a chain of amino acid molecules

Question 19

enzyme

Answer 19

a molecule that serves as a catalyst for biochemical reactions

Question 20

hydrolysis

Answer 20

a reaction with water as one of the reactants

Question 21

base

Answer 21

a proton acceptor

Question 22

amphoteric

Answer 22

a substance capable of acting as either an acid or a base

Question 23

polyprotic acid

Answer 23

a substance capable of donating more than one proton per molecule

Question 24

Bronsted-Lowry Theory

Answer 24

the acid base theory that defines a substance as being a proton donor or acceptor

Question 25

equivalence point

Answer 25

the point in a titration at which the quantity of titrant is exactly sufficient for stoichiometric reaction with the analyte

Question 26

buffer

Answer 26

a solution that is a mixture of appreciable amounts of a weak acid-base that resists pH changes when small amounts of acid or base are added

Question 27

immiscible

Answer 27

liquids that do not dissolve in each other and form distinct layers when mixed

Question 28

polyatomic ion

Answer 28

a group of covalently bonded atoms that have a charge

Question 29

molarity

Answer 29

the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

Question 30

Arrhenius Theory

Answer 30

acid-base theory that defines an acid as a substance that increases the concentration of H+ in an aqueous solution

Question 31

entropy

Answer 31

the thermodynamic variable calculated to determine the spontaneity of a chemical reaction

Question 32

boiling point

Answer 32

temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals atmospheric pressure

Question 33

Henderson-Hasselbach

Answer 33

the name of the equation used to calculate the pH of a buffer solution

Question 34

reaction quotient

Answer 34

the ratio of the concentration of the products to the reactants all raised to the power of their coefficients for a system no necessarily at equilibrium

Question 35

weak acid

Answer 35

an acid that does not donate all available protons

Question 36

Le Chatlier’s Principle

Answer 36

the principle that if stress is applied to a reaction mixture at equilibrium, a reaction occurs in the direction that relieves the stress

Question 37

oxidation

Answer 37

a half reaction in which electrons are lost

Question 38

galvanic cell

Answer 38

the type of electrochemical cell that uses a spontaneous reaction to produce a voltage and current

Question 39

cathode

Answer 39

the electrode in an electrochemical cell where the reduction occurs