Final Exam Vocabulary Flashcards
solvent
the most abundant component of a solution
osmosis
the movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane in response to a concentration gradient
supersaturated
a solution that contains more than the maximum amount of dissolved solute
electrolyte
a substance that forms an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in water
colloids
solids with e.s.d. between 0.001 μm and 0.2 μm dispersed in a fluid
endothermic
a chemical reaction or physical change in which the system absorbs heat from the surroundings
entropy
the thermodynamic variable that quantifies the amount of disorder in a system
molality
the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent
colligative property
a property of a solution that depends only on the amount of solute present and not on the chemical properties of the solute
miscible
liquids that are completely soluble in each other
activation energy
the height of the energy barrier between reactants and products for a chemical reaction
intermediate state
the reactive arrangement of atoms that forms in an initial stage of a reaction mechanism and reacts in a subsequent stage of the mechanism
frequency factor
the name of the variable in the Arrhenius equation that is influenced by the geometry of the reactant molecules
heterogenous catalysis
the type of catalysis where the catalyst and reactants are in different phases
termolecular
the molecularity of an elementary step with three reactants
integrated rate law
an equation that calculates reactant concentration as a function of time since the start of the reaction
adsorption
the binding of a molecule to the surface of a solid substance
protein
a type of molecule made from a chain of amino acid molecules
enzyme
a molecule that serves as a catalyst for biochemical reactions
hydrolysis
a reaction with water as one of the reactants
base
a proton acceptor
amphoteric
a substance capable of acting as either an acid or a base
polyprotic acid
a substance capable of donating more than one proton per molecule
Bronsted-Lowry Theory
the acid base theory that defines a substance as being a proton donor or acceptor
equivalence point
the point in a titration at which the quantity of titrant is exactly sufficient for stoichiometric reaction with the analyte
buffer
a solution that is a mixture of appreciable amounts of a weak acid-base that resists pH changes when small amounts of acid or base are added
immiscible
liquids that do not dissolve in each other and form distinct layers when mixed
polyatomic ion
a group of covalently bonded atoms that have a charge
molarity
the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
Arrhenius Theory
acid-base theory that defines an acid as a substance that increases the concentration of H+ in an aqueous solution
entropy
the thermodynamic variable calculated to determine the spontaneity of a chemical reaction
boiling point
temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals atmospheric pressure
Henderson-Hasselbach
the name of the equation used to calculate the pH of a buffer solution
reaction quotient
the ratio of the concentration of the products to the reactants all raised to the power of their coefficients for a system no necessarily at equilibrium
weak acid
an acid that does not donate all available protons
Le Chatlier’s Principle
the principle that if stress is applied to a reaction mixture at equilibrium, a reaction occurs in the direction that relieves the stress
oxidation
a half reaction in which electrons are lost
galvanic cell
the type of electrochemical cell that uses a spontaneous reaction to produce a voltage and current
cathode
the electrode in an electrochemical cell where the reduction occurs
