final exam vocab Flashcards
chemical process
a series of interconnected units that carries out a chemical transformation, including rxn, separation, and energy transfer, to create a specific product at a desired scale
unit operation
basic step in a process, typically involving a physical change or chemical transformation such as separation, crystallization, evaporation, filtration, or rxn
flash
a unit operation where a hot, pressurized liquid is quickly depressurized, forming two product streams, one liquid and one vapor, with different composition
hazard
chemical or physical CONDITION which has the potential to cause damage to people, property, or the environment
risk
measure of human injury, environmental damage, or economic loss in terms of both likelihood and magnitude
cts stirred tank rxr
steady-state rxr vessel that has a mixer and receives a cts feed stream, reacts it and outputs output stream
plug flow rxr
long cylindrical vessel which is used to carry out a chemical rxn
fired heater
heat exchanger where fuel is burned with air or oxygen to release energy and heat a process stream
packed bed rxr
reactor which contains a solid material that acts as a catalyst for a rxn
equation of state
mathematical model that provides a relation between the pressure, temp, and moar volume of matter. ideal gas law is an example
super critical fluid
any substance at a temp and pressure above its critical point, where distinct liquid and gas phases DNE, but below the pressure required to compress it into a solid
vapor pressure
pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its condensed phase (s) (could be a solid or liquid). i may be thought of as the tendency of the condensed phase to evaporate
stripping
unit operations where a component of a liquid stream is selectively transferred into a gas stream, typically to recover a valuable molecule/species or to remove a pollutant/undesirable species
tie lines
on a Txy or Pxy diagram, these straight lines join the compositions of phases in equilibrium with each other
saturation
condition where solute is dissolved in a solvent to its solubility limit - no more could possibly be in solution
solvent extraction
process where liquid feed stream is contacted with another liquid stream of solvent, creating a two phase mixture that promotes movement of a solute from the feed stream to the solvent stream
thermodynamics
study of heat, work, temp, and their relations to energy, entropy, and the properties of matter
state property
property whose value depends only on the current state of the system, not the path that was taken to reach that state
reference state
a temp, pressure, and phase chosen as the basis for calculations of change in state properties such as internal energy and enthalpy
sensible heat
energy that must be transferred to increase or decrease temp of a substance
latent heat
energy that myst be transferred to create a phase change
psychrometric chart
graphic representation of concentrations and enthalpies for the air water system that makes drying and evaporation calculations faster and simpler
enthalpy concentration diagram
graphic rep of concentration and enthalpies for a 2 component system
calorimeter
closed, well insulated rxr immersed in a fluid bath; used to measure heats of rxns by observing the temp increase in the fluid bath
catalyst
substance that increases rate of a chemical rxn without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change. may be a liquid sol with reactant, or may be a solid material loaded into rxr
fuel
any material which is combusted in order to release heat, which is then used to generate power, provide energy to chem processes, or produce work
auto ignition
onset of a combustion rxn due simply to a sufficiently high temp without and external ignition event (such as a spark or other energy input)
