Final Exam - Viruses

Question 1

Herpes simplex 1 (HHV1-HSV1)

Answer 1

S&S: cold sores (potentially in genitals), herpes gladiatorum

Notes: Latent then comes back in the same spot

Question 2

Herpes simplex 2 (HHV3-HSV2)

Answer 2

S&S: genital herpes

Notes: Latent in nerve ganglia

Question 3

Epstein-Barr virus

Answer 3

Herpes Virus HHV4-EBV

S&S: Mononucleosis (mono) (most common cause of mono)

Notes: B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma multiple sclerosis

Question 4

Cytomegalovirus
(SSS+Name+notes)

Answer 4

Herpes Virus HHV5-CMV

S&S: Hepatitis & pneumonitit, esp. if immunosuppressed or transplant pts. Also mononucleosis.

Notes: Transplacental infection, can cause damage to baby before and after birth

Question 5

HHV6

Answer 5

S&S: Roseola infantum, exanthem subitum

Notes: skin rashes in kids. Infects the CD4+ cells

Question 6

Kaposi’s sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV)

Answer 6

Herpes Virus HHV8

S&S: Kaposi’s sarcoma

Notes: skin cancer, but may occur in tissues. Primary effusion lymphoma (uncommon)

Question 7

Smallpox

Answer 7

No longer circulating due to vaccination (stopped in 1982) last case was in 1977

Question 8

Monkeypox
SSS + Trans

Answer 8

S&S: 3 weeks incubation, flu like symptoms with rash for 1-4 days. Infection of anus/rectum.

Transmission: Sexually transmitted and skin-to-skin transmission, esp. in men who have sex with men. Endemic in Africa.

Question 9

Influenza
(SSS + Mech + Time+types+shift)

Answer 9

S&S: chills, fever, muscle aches, drowsiness, fatigue, confusion. Can lead to pneumonia (bacterial super-infection, direct viral pneumonia, acute respiratory distress due to inflammatory cytokines). May result in pathological changes in respiratory tract on X-ray or CT scans.

Time: 18-72hr incubation. clinical symptoms day 3-10.

Mech: invades epithelium of upper and lower respiratory tract. surface proteins of Hemagglutanin (recognized by cell receptor) and Neuaminidase (key to viral release). Type A and B, A is more serious. Antigenic shift is important and has large effects, associated with pandemics. Drift causes minor changes associated with epidemics.

Question 10

Enteroviruses
Trans + common viruses

Answer 10

Transmission: Fecal-oral route

Common viruses: Polio, rotavirus, enterovirus, cocksackeviruses A and B, echoviruses, parechovirus, norovirus (norwalk virus) - calcivirus

Question 11

Hepatitis A virus
(SSS+Trans+notes)

Answer 11

RNA virus

S&S: acute jaundice

Trans: fecal-oral, IV-drug use, sex. NO perinatal trans

Notes: not chronic, low mortality, has a vaccine

Question 12

Hepatitis B virus

Answer 12

DNA virus

Trans: Blood, IV-drug use, sex. Has perinatal trans.

Notes: has vaccine. Has nucleoside treatment (not a cure, lifetime viral suppression drugs(virus integrates into host DNA))

Question 13

Hepatitis C virus
(Type+Trans+Notes)

Answer 13

RNA virus

Trans: Blood, IV-drug use, tattooing, sex. Has perinatal trans.

Notes: no vaccine, have curative treatment

Question 14

Hepatitis D virus

Answer 14

Defective RNA virus

Trans: same as others. needs Hep B enzymes for replication. more severe and more likely to lead to chronic problems.

Question 15

Arboviruses
(Types)

Answer 15

West Nile virus, Zika virus, Rabies Virus, Dengue fever virus

Question 16

West Nile Virus
(SSS+Vector+host)

Answer 16

S&S: most experience no symptoms, 20% have fever, headache, swollen lymph. 1:150 experience severe noninvasive illness (meningitis or encephalitis) - can cause death

Vector: Culex mosquitoes

Host: birds (crows), horses

Question 17

Zika Virus
(SSS+Vector+Host)

Answer 17

S&S: mile illness with fever and rash. Has transplacental trans that can cause severe birth defects and brain damage as well as microcephaly.

Vector: Aedes gegyptae and albopictus mosquitos

Host: humans

Question 18

Rabies virus
(SSS+Host)

Answer 18

S&S: difficulty swallowing, hydrophobia, progresses to long term illness leading to seizures, coma, and death in almost everyone. Can stop long term if vaccinated quickly after bite.

Host: dogs

Question 19

Human Papilloma virus
(SSS+Mech)

Answer 19

S&S: common warts, flat warts, plantar warts, genital warts. Progresses to cancer, most common cause of cervical, oral pharyngeal, penile, vaginal, and ano-rectal cancers.

Mech: Double stranded DNA virus. Infects squamous cells in skin and causes cells to have loss of feedback inhibition. Cells go into S phase and p53 is degraded. Many different types.

Vaccine is 95% protective against strains that cause cervical, oral, and anal cancers.

Question 20

Viruses that cause cancer

Answer 20

HPV
Epstein-Barr virus (Burkitt’s lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Human Herpes Virus 8 (Kaposi’s sarcoma)
Human T-cell leukemia virus
Hep B (hepatocellular carcinoma)
Hep C (same)
H. pylori (gastric & duodenal carcinoma)
Schistosoma (bile duct and bladder cancer)

Question 21

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
(Mech+Properties+Rep+Trans)

Answer 21

Mechanism: Infects CD4+ cells. In 6-10 years, CD4+ count drops markedly - a defining marker for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Properties: Enveloped RNA Retrovirus

Replication: RNA transcribed to ds DNA by reverse transcriptase, integrates into host DNA, infects T cells and macrophages.

Transmission: Sex, blood, breast milk

Question 22

Types of Rhinoviruses (Properties too)

Answer 22

picornaviruses (very small), Hep A, polio, enterovirus, echovirus.

Note: Non-enveloped ssRNA, grow better at 33C vs 37C, so better replicated in nose and upper airway.

Question 23

Rhinoviruses (SSS)

Answer 23

Syndrome: Common cold (Respiratory virus)

Question 24

Coronavirus 229E, OC-43
(SSS+Mech+Notes)

Answer 24

Syndrome: Common cold (respiratory virus)

Mechanism: ssRNA. Interacts with ACE2 by spike protein. Host’s furin cleaves S1 and S2 domains allowing for viral fusion into cell.

Notes: 15% of common colds

Question 25

SARS-CoV2
(SSS+Mech+Notes)

Answer 25

Syndrome: COVID-19 (Respiratory virus). Seeing more conjunctivitis in kids now. More infectious, less deadly.

Mech: similar to other coronaviruses

China

Notes: can infect multiple organs. Alpha, delta, omicron.

Question 26

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
(SSS+Mech+Notes)

Answer 26

Syndrome: lung infection, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia.

Mechanism: paramyxovirus, ssRNA enveloped. Causes cells to fuse together into a large frankencell (syncytia).

Notes: Common in 0-2 yo and >65 yo

Question 27

Coxsackie virus type A (SSS.+Notes)

Answer 27

Syndrome: hand, foot, mouth disease, aseptic meningitis, herpangia.

Notes: generally in children, replicates in skin and mucous membranes.

Question 28

Coxsackie virus type B (SSS+Notes)

Answer 28

Syndrome: Upper resp tract infection, fever, sore throat, myocardial and pericardial infection, pleurodynia (pain in cavity around lungs), lower thoracic pleuritic chest pain, aseptic meningitis.

Notes: generally in children, replicates in skin and mucous membranes.

Question 29

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV)
(SSS+Notes)

Answer 29

Syndrome: Bronchitis, bronchiolitis esp. in infants and elderly.

Notes: Similar symptoms to RSV. 2nd most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants.

Question 30

Parainfluenza virus
(SSS)

Answer 30

SSS: croup cough. Bronchiolitis in children with hoarse, raspy cough (barking like seals)

Question 31

Adenoviruses
(SSS+Notes)

Answer 31

upper resp tract infections, conjunctivitis, myocardial and pericardial infections, gastroenteritis.

Notes: many strains