Final Exam - Viruses Flashcards
Herpes simplex 1 (HHV1-HSV1)
S&S: cold sores (potentially in genitals), herpes gladiatorum
Notes: Latent then comes back in the same spot
Herpes simplex 2 (HHV3-HSV2)
S&S: genital herpes
Notes: Latent in nerve ganglia
Epstein-Barr virus
Herpes Virus HHV4-EBV
S&S: Mononucleosis (mono) (most common cause of mono)
Notes: B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma multiple sclerosis
Cytomegalovirus
(SSS+Name+notes)
Herpes Virus HHV5-CMV
S&S: Hepatitis & pneumonitit, esp. if immunosuppressed or transplant pts. Also mononucleosis.
Notes: Transplacental infection, can cause damage to baby before and after birth
HHV6
S&S: Roseola infantum, exanthem subitum
Notes: skin rashes in kids. Infects the CD4+ cells
Kaposi’s sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV)
Herpes Virus HHV8
S&S: Kaposi’s sarcoma
Notes: skin cancer, but may occur in tissues. Primary effusion lymphoma (uncommon)
Smallpox
No longer circulating due to vaccination (stopped in 1982) last case was in 1977
Monkeypox
SSS + Trans
S&S: 3 weeks incubation, flu like symptoms with rash for 1-4 days. Infection of anus/rectum.
Transmission: Sexually transmitted and skin-to-skin transmission, esp. in men who have sex with men. Endemic in Africa.
Influenza
(SSS + Mech + Time+types+shift)
S&S: chills, fever, muscle aches, drowsiness, fatigue, confusion. Can lead to pneumonia (bacterial super-infection, direct viral pneumonia, acute respiratory distress due to inflammatory cytokines). May result in pathological changes in respiratory tract on X-ray or CT scans.
Time: 18-72hr incubation. clinical symptoms day 3-10.
Mech: invades epithelium of upper and lower respiratory tract. surface proteins of Hemagglutanin (recognized by cell receptor) and Neuaminidase (key to viral release). Type A and B, A is more serious. Antigenic shift is important and has large effects, associated with pandemics. Drift causes minor changes associated with epidemics.
Enteroviruses
Trans + common viruses
Transmission: Fecal-oral route
Common viruses: Polio, rotavirus, enterovirus, cocksackeviruses A and B, echoviruses, parechovirus, norovirus (norwalk virus) - calcivirus
Hepatitis A virus
(SSS+Trans+notes)
RNA virus
S&S: acute jaundice
Trans: fecal-oral, IV-drug use, sex. NO perinatal trans
Notes: not chronic, low mortality, has a vaccine
Hepatitis B virus
DNA virus
Trans: Blood, IV-drug use, sex. Has perinatal trans.
Notes: has vaccine. Has nucleoside treatment (not a cure, lifetime viral suppression drugs(virus integrates into host DNA))
Hepatitis C virus
(Type+Trans+Notes)
RNA virus
Trans: Blood, IV-drug use, tattooing, sex. Has perinatal trans.
Notes: no vaccine, have curative treatment
Hepatitis D virus
Defective RNA virus
Trans: same as others. needs Hep B enzymes for replication. more severe and more likely to lead to chronic problems.
Arboviruses
(Types)
West Nile virus, Zika virus, Rabies Virus, Dengue fever virus
West Nile Virus
(SSS+Vector+host)
S&S: most experience no symptoms, 20% have fever, headache, swollen lymph. 1:150 experience severe noninvasive illness (meningitis or encephalitis) - can cause death
Vector: Culex mosquitoes
Host: birds (crows), horses
Zika Virus
(SSS+Vector+Host)
S&S: mile illness with fever and rash. Has transplacental trans that can cause severe birth defects and brain damage as well as microcephaly.
Vector: Aedes gegyptae and albopictus mosquitos
Host: humans
Rabies virus
(SSS+Host)
S&S: difficulty swallowing, hydrophobia, progresses to long term illness leading to seizures, coma, and death in almost everyone. Can stop long term if vaccinated quickly after bite.
Host: dogs
Human Papilloma virus
(SSS+Mech)
S&S: common warts, flat warts, plantar warts, genital warts. Progresses to cancer, most common cause of cervical, oral pharyngeal, penile, vaginal, and ano-rectal cancers.
Mech: Double stranded DNA virus. Infects squamous cells in skin and causes cells to have loss of feedback inhibition. Cells go into S phase and p53 is degraded. Many different types.
Vaccine is 95% protective against strains that cause cervical, oral, and anal cancers.
Viruses that cause cancer
HPV
Epstein-Barr virus (Burkitt’s lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Human Herpes Virus 8 (Kaposi’s sarcoma)
Human T-cell leukemia virus
Hep B (hepatocellular carcinoma)
Hep C (same)
H. pylori (gastric & duodenal carcinoma)
Schistosoma (bile duct and bladder cancer)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
(Mech+Properties+Rep+Trans)
Mechanism: Infects CD4+ cells. In 6-10 years, CD4+ count drops markedly - a defining marker for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Properties: Enveloped RNA Retrovirus
Replication: RNA transcribed to ds DNA by reverse transcriptase, integrates into host DNA, infects T cells and macrophages.
Transmission: Sex, blood, breast milk
Types of Rhinoviruses (Properties too)
picornaviruses (very small), Hep A, polio, enterovirus, echovirus.
Note: Non-enveloped ssRNA, grow better at 33C vs 37C, so better replicated in nose and upper airway.
Rhinoviruses (SSS)
Syndrome: Common cold (Respiratory virus)
Coronavirus 229E, OC-43
(SSS+Mech+Notes)
Syndrome: Common cold (respiratory virus)
Mechanism: ssRNA. Interacts with ACE2 by spike protein. Host’s furin cleaves S1 and S2 domains allowing for viral fusion into cell.
Notes: 15% of common colds
