Final Exam - Fun Guy

Question 1

Patients at increased risk of fungal infections

Answer 1

Immunocompromised hosts, AIDS Patients, Long-term corticosteroid use, Diabetics, Cancer patients (receiving antineoplastics and/or radiation), COPD Patients, Extended-spectrum antibiotic use, Patients receiving TPN, Granulocytopenic patients (T-cell defects), IV Drug Abusers, Transplant recipients, Genetic predisposition

Question 2

Candida Major infections

Answer 2

vaginal yeast infections = vulvovaginal candidiasis, candidal vaginitis

Thrush - neonates and immunosuppressed

Esophagitis - esp. in AIDS pts

UTIs - esp. in catheterized pts

Disseminated (bloodstream) - #1 cause of central line bloodstream infections in hospitals

Mortality rate is 20% if disseminated

Question 3

Candida sp.
(Spe.+Sites+ExF+InF+Notes)

Answer 3

Species: albicans, glabrata are most common. tropicalis parapsilosis, and krusei also.

Disease sites: oral cavity,
vagina, UTI, disseminated

External Factors: IV and Bladder catheters

Internal Factors: Normal flora altered by antibiotics

Notes: Some species are highly resistant to drugs. Emerging infection and needs to be reported.

Question 4

Aspergillus sp.
(Spe.+Sites+ExF+InF+Notes)

Answer 4

Species: fumigatus most common. Also niger

Disease sites: lung,
sinuses, bladder

External Factors: Dust, soil

Internal Factors: Normal flora altered immunity cystic fibrosis

Notes: Major cause of fungal pneumonia in immunocompromissed pts. Difficult to treat.

Question 5

Mucor sp.
Rhizopus sp.
(Sites+ExF+InF)

Answer 5

Disease sites: lung, sinuses, brain

External Factors: Dust, soil

Internal Factors: Normal flora altered immunity

Question 6

Cryptococcus
(Spe.+Sites+ExF+InF+Notes)

Answer 6

(Fungus)

Species: neoformans, gatii

Disease sites: brain
(meningitis), lung - esp. in AIDS pts.

External Factors: Pigeon feces, soil

Internal Factors: Dissemination to
CNS, may occur reactivation

Notes: May cause pneumonia

Question 7

Histoplasma
capsulatum
(Sites+ExF+InF+Notes)

Answer 7

Disease sites: Lung, Mediastinal Lymph nodes

External Factors: Bats, bird droppings, Dogs, Soil in Ohio and Mississippi River valleys, Southern U.S., Caribbean

Internal Factors: COPD patients, Dissemination, often by reactivation

Notes: Mississippi and Ohio river valley. Dogs as reservoirs. Slow onset. Can infect healthy pts.

Question 8

Blastomyces dermatitidis
(Sites+ExF+InF+Notes)

Answer 8

Disease sites: Lung, Skin lesions

External Factors: Dogs, soil in Ohio and Mississippi River valleys, Great Lakes

Internal Factors: Dissemination, often by reactivation

Notes: Mississippi and Ohio river valley. Dogs as reservoirs. Slow onset. Can infect healthy pts.

Question 9

Coccidioides immitis
(Spe.+Sites+ExF+InF+Notes)

Answer 9

Disease sites: Lung

External Factors: “Valley fever”, soil 1˚ in S. Calif. and Arizona, Mexico

Internal Factors: Inhaled spores, rarely disseminated

Notes: Can infect health pts.

Question 10

Pneumocystis
juroveci
(Sites+ExF+InF)

Answer 10

Disease sites: Lung

SSS: pneumonia, AIDS defining

External Factors: High environmental
exposure

Internal Factors: Altered immunity, reactivation

Question 11

Dermatophytes
(Spe.+SSS)

Answer 11

(Skin infections or Tinea)

Species: Trichophyton rubrum , T. mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, Malassezia globosa or M. furfur, and Microsporum canis

SSS: Athlete’s foot, jock itch, ringworm, scalp ringworm

Question 12

Onchomycosis
(Spe.)

Answer 12

(Nail infections)

Species: most cases caused by dermatophytes, esp. Trichophyton sp. Candida sp. more common ion fingernails.

Lots of treatments