Final Exam (uncovered Topics) Flashcards
What is the difference between implicit self and self concept ?
Implicit : sense that one has a body and can experience and act, separately from the world
Self concept: set of beliefs about oneself (who am I?)
How does self concept emerge?
Internalizing others’ perception of you directly (someone describing u a certain way) or indirectly (how they are treated)
When do babies begin to have a self concept?
2.5 to 3 years, gender
What is gender socialization and how does it affect children?
Process through which children learn about the social expectations attitudes and behaviours associated with their gender
What is gender socialization?
Process through which children learn about the expectations attitudes and behaviours associated with their gender
What was the baby X study?
Baby X study involved giving the same infant to a caregiver and labelling them as a girl or as a boy and observing the caregivers attitude and expectation toward the child.
Infants labelled as boys were rated as being bigger, stronger, louder, encouraged to be active
Infants labelled as girls received more talk and nurture
How were subtle gender socializations studied? What were the results?
Parents rated how steep of a slope their child could crawl down without falling
Parents of girls tend to underestimate their infants ability
Parents of boys more accurately estimated their ability
Boys and girls ability didn’t differ. Gender differences in motor skills do not exist but is just perceived by parents
In what ways are gender socializations present in the following: play
Language differences
Toy purchases
Division of household chores
Media exposure
Play: parents give boys more physical challenge, more likely to help girls
Language: more likely to use emotion words with girls - leading to earlier emotion learning in girls
Toy purchase: boys have more trucks and girls have 5x more pink toys by age 1
Chores: traditional gender role house communicate gender roles
Media: more TV a preschooler watches, the more likely they think that Boys are better than girls
At what age do children conform with their gender? why?
3-5 years.
Lack of gender constancy (understanding that their gender remains the same even if there behaviour and preferences change)
At what age do children acquire gender constancy and are open to playing with opposite gender toys for example?
6 years old
Though at 6 years old, children have gender constancy, what expectations to they still have about gender?
Assumptions about traits such as thinking that
Girls are quieter and well behaved and boys are active and good at sports
Although gender flexibility in young children increases with age, ___
They reject peers who do not behave in typical gendered ways
What is gender neutral parenting?
Encouraging child to express themselves not defined by traditional gender roles (common in WEIRD)
What did the study of transgender and cisgender children development reveal?
Transgender children show strong identification and preference aligned with their current gender just as strong as cisgender children
What are the key parts of self concept in
Early childhood
Middle childhood
Early adolescence
Later adolescence
Early: concrete observable traits, unrealistically positive and confident
Middle: balanced and accurate, think about multiple qualities simultaneously, more social engagement opinions
Early ado: egocentrism (you don’t understand me), imaginary audience, aware of differences in behaviour compared to others (confuses them)
Late ado: think of themselves in increasingly abstract ways
