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PSYC 304 > Final Exam (MT2 Topics) > Flashcards

Final Exam (MT2 Topics) Flashcards

1
Q

How was understanding others’ intentions tested?

A

6 months - doll and ball test
Violation of expectation paradigm
Habituated to reaching for ball
Tested with reaching for ball and reaching for doll

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2
Q

How can understanding intentions vs accidents be tested and at what age?

A

9 months are more frustrated when adult doesn’t give them toy vs trying to give it and it falls down and breaks

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3
Q

What is joint attention and when does it emerge

A

At 9-12 months,
When two people are looking at the same thing and are aware that they are both looking at it

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4
Q

When does imitation emerge?

A

9-12 months

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5
Q

What are the three reasons as to why understanding intentions is important?

A
  1. Step toward understanding the minds of others
  2. Enables joint attention
  3. Enables imitation
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6
Q

Why do newborns stick out their tongue?

A

They stick out their tongue as a reflex in response to things they find interesting or arousing

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7
Q

How was imitation intentional actions tested and what were the results?

A

12 month olds.
Adult with hands occupied and adult with hands free hitting light with head to turn it on
Results: infants in the hands occupied group used their hand to turn it on
Infants in the hands free group used their head to turn it on

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8
Q

What are the three aspects of the theory of mind?

A

Desires, intentions, knowledge

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9
Q

How was understanding others desires studied and what were the results? (desires and actions)

A

12 month olds - violation of expectation paradigm

Habituated: Ooh look at the kitty and grabs it
Tested: look at the kitty and grabs it AND grabs the other kitty that it was not expressing desire to.
Babies looked longer at the grabbing other kitty longer

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10
Q

Infants are born with an (implicit / explicit ) sense of self which is proven by:

A

Implicit: not responding to rooting reflex if they are the ones who initiated it.

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11
Q

At what age does the explicit sense of self develop? What tested this?

A

18-24 months
Rouge test, recognizing themself in a mirror

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12
Q

How was understanding others preferences vs their own tested and at what age dos this develop?

A

2 years old (who prefers to play with trucks)

Read a book where the character of the book likes dolls.
Ask the infant whether the character would want to play with a truck or a doll and the infant would respond with truck because THEY like trucks

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13
Q

When it comes to understanding knowledge, what can toddlers infer and at what age?

A

At three years old, they are able to understand who knows better and they even understand people having areas of expertise, like one person might know the name of things and others might know how to fix it.

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14
Q

What is a falls belief problem? Who passes this and who doesn’t?

A

False belief problem is the child knowing there are smarties in the pencil case, when they originally guessed there would be pencils inside.
When asked what another child might think is inside, 3 year olds answer smarties, and 5 year olds answer pencils

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15
Q

Place these in the correct order of when they are developed:

1- basic understanding of others’ desires
2- know when others are knowledge specialists
3- understanding others’ action and intentions
4- explicit sense of self
5- understand that others desires are different than ones own
6- pass false belief test
7- joint attention and imitation

A

3 - 7 - 1 - 4 - 5 - 2 - 6

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16
Q

What explains the stability of social cognition skills?

A

Children who are better able to understand intentions at 6 months are also better at false belief test at 4 years old. And vice versa if the child was weak.

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17
Q

What is the TPJ (temporal parietal junction )
- how does affect children with ASD

A

Area of the brain that is consistently active during theory of mind tasks
Children with ASD have atypical TPJ sizes, and struggle on false belief tests even as teenagers

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18
Q

What are three pieces of evidence that support the nativist theory of mind?

A
  1. Newborns inherent interest in faces
  2. Culturally universal trajectory of theory of mind
  3. TPJ size with ASD
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19
Q

What are the implications of improving executive functioning?

A

Individual differences in executive functioning are responsible for individual differences in theory of mind. They are correlated.

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20
Q

What 2 pieces of evidence supports the contribution of social interactions with the development of theory of mind?

A
  1. Caregiver using mental state talk (think know want) correlates with theory of mind ability
  2. Preschoolers that have siblings are better at theory of mind tasks especially siblings of the opposite gender
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21
Q

What three factors likely play a role in the development of theory of mind?

A
  1. Maturation of the brain TPJ
  2. Improved executive functioning ability
  3. Interactions with other people
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22
Q

When do children learn the following ways:
1. Observation and imitation
2. Statistical learning
3. Being taught by others
4. Trial and error

A
  1. 9-12 months
  2. Birth
  3. 3 years old
  4. Birth
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23
Q

What procedure / paradigm is used to test speech perception discrimination?

A

High amplitude sucking procedure with habituation
When new distinguishable stimulus is played, the sucking behaviour should increase

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24
Q

How is preference different form discrimination in the high amplitude sucking procedure?

A

Preference: multiple stimuli played and sucking behaviour measured and recorded. More sucking means preference

Discrimination: each time the baby produces a strong sucking, a sound is played. Test: hear new speech every time they produce strong suck, sucking behaviour should increase if can distinguish.

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25
Q

What preferences do newborns have when listening to speech

A

Speech over artificial sounds
Mothers voice over another woman
Native language over foreign language

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26
Q

What does our categorical perception of speech infer?

A

We perceive speech sound as distinct even though the differences between speech sounds are gradual

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27
Q

Describe the testing of categorical perception of speech with pa and ba

A

Tested on 1 month olds
- babies tested with different english speech sounds
- babies tested with same English speech sounds but different VOT

Same results as an adult. No increased sucking with same speech sounds but increased sucking with different speech sounds

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28
Q

How was cross language speech perception tested and what were the results?

A

6 months old - sucking procedure
Habituated to hindi sounds Ta or ta
Tested with Ta and ta, increased sucking when they heard a new ta

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29
Q

How does perceptual narrowing affect speech perception?

A

Speech perception diminishes at around 8 months and lose the ability to discriminate non native speech sounds at 10-12 months, but native language improves

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30
Q

When does word segmentation begin?
And how is it formed?

A

Begins at 7 months old via statistical learning of speech patterns (en/fr first last syllable) and distribution of speech sounds (happy baby)

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31
Q

How was the preferential listening procedure applied to speech perception? What was tested and what were the results?

A

How long an infant listens to a sound in a particular direction (left or right side) indicates how much they like it.

8 months Habituated with random syllables where tokibu reoccurs
Tested with tokibu and bagopi which rarely reoccured
Babies listened longer to bagopi

32
Q

What are the 4 speech developmental milestones and their ages?

A

Cooing and gurgling 2 months
Babbling 7 months
First word 12 months
Knows 50 words 18 months

33
Q

What are the functions of babbling?

A

Social : practice dialogue - back and forth with caregiver
Learning: sign that infant is listening and ready to learn. Infants learn words better when they are taught after babbling.

34
Q

How does babbling affect deaf infants ?

A

Babbling with hand signs has the same effect as babbling with spoken words in hearing infants.

35
Q

How was it tested that Blabies understand words before their first word?

A

Tested at 6 months - shown pictures of items and a word was named. Babies looked at the correct image.

36
Q

What are common first words?

A

Family members, pets, important objects

37
Q

What are the two limitations of first words with an an ample of each?

A

Overextension: dog is any 4 legged animal
Underextension: cat refers to only the family’s pet cat

38
Q

What happens to word learning at 18 months?

A

Know about 50 words
Vocabulary spurt

39
Q

What is the mutual exclusivity assumption in word learning?

A
  • given object only has one name (less in bilingual children)
  • will look at unknown object when they hear a new word
40
Q

What is the whole object assumption in word learning?

A

Word refers to the whole object rather than just a part of it.
Ex: ears pointed to on a bunny could be mistaken for the whole bunny itself

41
Q

What are pragmatic cues in word learning?

A

When adult says a new word, child assumes it refers to what ADULT is looking at

42
Q

How does adult intentionality affect word learning?

A

If an adult uses a word that conflicts with what the child knows, the child will learn the new word if it is said with confidence

43
Q

How does shape bias affect word learning?

A

When learning a new word, a child assumes that word also refers to an object of the same shape even if the texture, size vary.

44
Q

How do caregivers influence word learning ?

A

Infant directed speech
Quantity of speech
Quality speech

45
Q

What is the function of infant directed speech?
How was this tested?

A

Draws attention to speech, since infants prefer IDS over adult speech
This facilitates learning language.
This was tested 7 to 8 months were introduced to words in IDS and adult speech. Infants looked longer at words introduced in IDS.

46
Q

How does quantity of speech affect word learning?

A

Larger quantity of speech -> bigger vocabulary size

47
Q

What are the effects of SES and quantity of speech?

A

Tested parents with their 7 month old and 3 year old.
Children from high SES have larger vocabulary
Differences in language exposure contribute to the SES gap

48
Q

What are 5 things that can enrich a child’s quality of speech?

A
  1. Joint engagement
  2. Fluency
  3. Stressing and repeating new words
  4. Playing naming games
  5. Naming an object when the toddler is looking at it
49
Q

What did the grocery store word intervention do?

A

Signs placed in low SES grocery stores to encourage parents to talk with their children.

50
Q

How do peers influence language?

A

Placing low language ability children with other low ability students will negatively impact their language skills

Placing low language ability children with high ability children will allow the low ability children to somewhat catch up and if teacher uses rich communication.

51
Q

At what age do children present with telegraphic speech? what does that look like?

A

2 years

Mommy cake
Hurt knee…

52
Q

At what age do children master the basics of grammar?

A

Age 5

53
Q

What is an overregularization error?

A

Correct grammar rule, but on an exception word

54
Q

How was the ABB ABA structure involved in a learning grammar study ?

A

Children habituated to a ABB structured word (le di di)
Tested with ABB and ABA
8 month olds looked longer at different structure

55
Q

What three pieces of evidence help prove the sensitive period in learning language?

A

Genie: language ability never fully developed
Deaf individuals: exposure to spoken language performed better on language tasks
Brain damage: children who suffer brain damage recover fully but teens and adults have permanent impairment.

56
Q

What is particular about the age of immigrants and their proficiency in English?

A

Immigrants who learn English earlier score higher on language tasks. English learned after puberty is highly variable.

57
Q

How is bilingualism tested in utero

A

Tested English Tagalog newborns and English newborns,
Exposed infants to Tagalog and English
English monolingual had preference for English
English Tagalog had no preference

58
Q

How do 2 languages influence each other when being learned?

A

Bilingual infants are developing two separate language systems. They dont confuse the 2 languages.

59
Q

What are 2 advantages of bilingualism?

A
  1. Bilingual children perform better on executive functioning tasks
  2. Bilingualism delays the onset of Alzheimer’s
60
Q

What are the five components of emotion?

A

Subjective feeling
Physiological
Emotional expression
Neurological
Urge for action

61
Q

What is the discrete emotions theory?

A

Biological systems that have evolved to allow humans to have a set of innate basic emotions

62
Q

What facial cues depict happiness and anger in infants?

A

Happiness: smiling, raised eyebrows, eyes squinting
Anger: furrowed brows, open square shaped mouth, flared nostrils

63
Q

What emotions are present at birth?

A

Positive and negative (approach and withdrawal)

64
Q

When do each of the following emotions emerge?
Happiness
Anger
Fear
Surprise sadness disgust

A

Happy 2-3 months
Anger 4 months
Fear 7 months
First year of life

65
Q

What causes these emotions when they first emerge?
A. Fear 8 months
B. Fear 3-5 years
C. Fear 7+
D. Surprise
E. Disgust
F. Sadness
G. Happiness 2-3 months

A

A. Separation anxiety from parents
B. Imaginary creatures
C. Everyday situations
D. World working contrary to expectations
E. Food
F. Separated from parents, object permanence
G. Social interaction w caregiver

66
Q

What are the self conscious emotions?

A

Guilt, shame, embarrassment, pride, empathy

67
Q

What is the difference between guilt and shame?

A

Guilt: regret and wanting to fix consequences
Shame: self focused feeling of personal failure

68
Q

What self conscious emotions do individualistic and collectivist cultures more likely to experience ?

A

Individualistic: pride
Collectivist: guilt and shame

69
Q

What comes first?
Identifying emotions in adults faces or
Identifying own emotions?

And at what age?

A

Identifying emotions in adult faces at 3 months old

70
Q

What emotions can an infant detect in adults at 3 months old?
At 7 month?

A

3 months: happiness surprise anger
7 months: fear sadness

71
Q

What is social referencing and how did it affect the visual cliff?

A

Using parents facial expression and tone to decide how to deal with an ambiguous situation.

If parents were happy, 75% of babies attempted to cross
If parents showed fear, 0% of babies cross

72
Q

What emotions can a 3 year old label in themself and others?
At 5 years old?

A

3 years: feeling good or feeling bad, but NOT fake emotions
5 years: mixed emotions and multiple emotions at once, fake emotions

73
Q

How might a 5 month old self regulate?

A

Self comforting, self distraction

74
Q

How might a child from 1-6 regulate their emotions?

A

Mostly self distraction

75
Q

How might a 6-8 year old regulate their emotions?

A

Problem solving, cognitive strategies (thinking of situation in another way, its going to be ok, addressing a conflict)

76
Q

What 3 things will improve in a child that has good emotional regulation skills?

A
  1. Well being
  2. More socially skilled, better liked
  3. Do better in school
77
Q

What 3 reasons cause emotional regulation to improve?

A

Motor development (being physically able to self soothe)
Increased parental expectation that child can manage their emotions
Cognitive development

PSYC 304 (3 decks)

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