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Cognitive Psychology 334 > Final Exam (test 3 material) > Flashcards

Final Exam (test 3 material) Flashcards

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1
Q

Brain structure that has been shown to be specialized for processing emotional stimuli

A

the amygdala

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2
Q

short duration, synchronized response indicating the evaluation of an internal or external stimuli

A

emotion

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3
Q

diffuse active state; low intensity and long in duration

A

mood

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4
Q

relatively lasting state that affects beliefs, preferences, and predispositions

A

attitude

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5
Q

propensity to action that is the result of an affective response

A

motivation

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6
Q

2 dimensions for measuring emotion

A

facial expression
dimensional approaches (arousal, valence)

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7
Q

two ways to manipulate emotion

A

mood induction
evocative stimuli

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8
Q

Method of measuring emotion by direct questions, introspection (relies on hippocampus/ declarative memory)

A

Direct Assessment

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9
Q

Method of measuring emotion by measuring autonomic nervous system activity (relies on amygdala)

A

Indirect Assessment

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10
Q

People, places, and things are not neutral but acquire some kind of value

A

emotional learning

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11
Q

What are some elements of classical conditioning (Pavlov)?

A

fear conditioning- neutral stimulus pair with fearful event
autonomic conditioning- bodily responses (arousal
evaluative conditioning- expressed through a preference or attitude

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12
Q

What are some elements of Operant conditioning?

A

learning by reward or punishment
behavior/response increases or decreases depending on the outcome of that behavior
Mesolyombic dopamine pathway reward circuit

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13
Q

Neuron that is critical in the process of instructional and observational learning

A

Mirror Neuron

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14
Q

States that learning is based on familiarity so only the repeated presentation of the stimulus is necessary

A

Mere Exposure Effect

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15
Q

If aroused via the _____ the storage of declarative memories activates

A

amygdala

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16
Q

How does stress affect memory?

A

Prolonged stress and extreme arousal can impair memory

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17
Q

How does mild to moderate arousal affect memory?

A

enhances it

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18
Q

States that memories related to the mood a person is in are more easily accessible (depression- only thinking about bad memories)

A

Mood-Congruent Memory Effect

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19
Q

Vivid and detailed memories that seem clear but may not be very accurate

A

Flashbulb Memory

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20
Q

Results of the emotional stroop task:

A

participants find it more difficult to ignore the words and name the color when the words are emotional (results exaggerated for stimuli specific to the person)

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21
Q

Hypothesis that say emotional stimuli are processed automatically, making fewer demands on limited cognitive resources that other types if stimuli

A

Affective Primacy Hypothesis

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22
Q

The amygdala has connections to a from this region

A

The sensory cortical region

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23
Q

An organized means of combining words in order to communicate; allows thoughts about processes we can’t perceive

A

Language

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24
Q

What are the 6 properties of language?

A

1) Communicative
2) Arbitrarily symbolic
3) regularly structured
4) structured at multiple levels
5) generative and productive
6) dynamic

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25
Q

Attempt to categorize the nature of language

A

linguistics

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26
Q

Relationship between language and thought

A

psycholinguistics

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27
Q

basics units of spoken languages (letters)

A

phonemes

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28
Q

smallest unit of meaning

A

morphemes

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29
Q

rules that govern the combos of phrases and sentences

A

syntax

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30
Q

errors of meaning in language

A

semantic violations

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31
Q

error of grammar and structure in language

A

syntactic violations

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32
Q

3 major points of Chomsky in language:

A

1) language has underlying uniformity
2) language is a generative system (not closed)
3) underlying structures have common elements in all languages (structure is innate)

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33
Q

Approach that emphasis that the function of human language in everyday life is to communicate

A

Cognitive-Functional Approach

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34
Q

factors that make language comprehension more difficult:

A

negatives
passive voice
nested structures
ambiguity

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35
Q

What are the 5 stages of postnatal language development?

A

1) cooing (2-4 months)
2) babbling (6 months)
3) one-word stage (starts at 5 months)
4) two word stage (18-24 months)
5) basic adult structure

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36
Q

2 environmental influences on child speech development

A

child-directed speech
mean utterances to child

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37
Q

8 differences between spoken and written languages:

A

1) visual vs. auditory
2) readers can control rate on input
3) readers can rescan writing
4) writing is more standardized
5) writing shows clear boundaries between words
6) speech includes nonverbal communication
7) writing is formally learned; spoken language is more easy to pick up
8) adults learn new words more quickly through reading

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38
Q

Says reading happens when we recognize words on sight without sounding anything out

A

Direct-Access Route

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39
Q

Reading happens by sounding out words; works well for regular spelling

A

Indirect-Access Route

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40
Q

Reading learned by memorizing whole words

A

Whole-word approach

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41
Q

Reading learned by sounding out letters

A

Phonetics approach

42
Q

Hypothesis that says language determines or influences ones thoughts- linguistics relativity

A

Whorf hypothesis

43
Q

Language color vocabulary and categorization may affect of its speakers perceive and remember color

A

linguistic relativity

44
Q

Stages of speech production

A

1) plan the gist
2) generate sentences
3) select specific words
4) articulate the sentences

45
Q

Stages of writing production

A

1) plan gist
2) generate sentences
3) revise

46
Q

Benefits of second language learning

A

greater experience of inhibition
better ability in general attention and cognitive control
attitude more than aptitude

47
Q

Area used for early visual processing during active visualization

A

Occipital areas

48
Q

represents spatial relationships among objects

A

spatial imagery

49
Q

lacking the capacity for visualization

A

aphantasia

50
Q

how imagery affects LTM

A

mental images generally improve memory
more imaginable words are easier to remember
imagery can help recall of non visual materials

51
Q

Says we use both image-based and verbal codes for representing info

A

Paivio’s Dual-Code Hypothesis

52
Q

Process of assessing info and choosing among two or more alternatives

A

Decision making

53
Q

Theory that says we uses system 1 or 2 for making decisions

A

Dual-Process Theory

54
Q

Describe system 1

A

operates fast and automatically
little or no effort
non sense of voluntary control
impulsive and intuitive

55
Q

Describe system 2

A

effortful attention
complex computations
associated with agency, choice, concentration
reasoning
cautious

56
Q

Kahneman’s Key arguments:

A

1) thinking can be effortful
2) If effort can be avoided, we avoid it
3) system 1 has influence when system 2 is taxed

57
Q

Some tendencies of system 1:

A

overemphasize info that is irrelevant
ignore relevant info
fail to combine multiple pieces of info properly

58
Q

Heuristic that happens when we answer an easier question than the one posed

A

attribute substitution

59
Q

Heuristic where events that come easily to mind are judged as more frequent than they are

A

Availability heuristic

60
Q

Heuristics that says we judge a same as being from a population if it has similar characteristics to that population

A

Representative heuristic

61
Q

Thinking a person has more characteristics than they really do

A

conjugation fallacy

62
Q

What can help overcome system 1 errors?

A

education
stats training

63
Q

When something is good on one dimension, it must be good on all dimensions

A

Halo effect

64
Q

Process where you forecast about new cases based on observations

A

Induction

65
Q

Process where you start with premises and ask what follows from them

A

Deduction

66
Q

Greater sensitivity to confirming bias and tendency to ignore counter evidence

A

Conformation bias

67
Q

tendency to keep a belief despite disproving evidence

A

Belief perseverance

68
Q

Key ingredients of a decision

A

desired outcome
more than one course of action toward that outcome
uncertainty about likelihood of that outcome if another action is taken

69
Q

chance of choosing a particular outcome weighed by the likelihood if that outcome occurring

A

expected utility

70
Q

basics of the expected utility model:

A

1) evaluate each option by multiplying the utility of each of the consequences by the probability of occurrence
2) adding weighted values to create a summery eval of each option
3) choose the best option- with highest utility

71
Q

people who prefer certain gain

A

risk-averse

72
Q

people who prefer the chance to win more even at the risk of greater loss

A

risk-seeking

73
Q

avoid all risks/gambles

A

loss aversion

74
Q

an object acquires more value by simply belonging to us

A

endowment effect

75
Q

limitations of expected utility

A

mental accounting
behaving irrationally
optimism and risk

76
Q

tendencies in decision weights:

A

over-weight small probabilities
insensitive to middle and high probabilities
over-weight certain outcomes

77
Q

structure essentiel for evaluating somatic markers in emotional decision making

A

Orbital cortex

78
Q

predicting future emotions

A

Affective forecasting

79
Q

A method that may not find the best possible solution, but is good enough to meet desired outcome and efficient

A

satisficing

80
Q

structure of a problem:

A

goal state
initial (start) state
possible actions
obstacles

81
Q

problems that have clear initial and goal states and all possible moves are known

A

well-defined

82
Q

problems where rules, initial states, operations, and goals are unclear/unknown

A

ill-defined

83
Q

Case where the answer seems to come in a sudden flash of realization

A

insight problem

84
Q

Theory that says problem solving is a search within the problem space

A

Problem-space Theory

85
Q

Will always come up with a correct answer to a problem but can be inefficient

A

algorithm

86
Q

general rule that gives a correct answer most of the time (not not always)

A

heuristic

87
Q

Method of “trail and error” in problem solving

A

random search

88
Q

method of looking one more ahead and choosing the move most resembling the goal state

A

hill climbing

89
Q

method of breaking the problem into subproblems that requires knowledge and greater working memory demands

A

means-ends analysis

90
Q

Thinking of a problem with similar characteristics that has been solved before and using/adapting the known solution to the current problem

A

Analogical reasoning

91
Q

Subprocesses of analogical reasoning

A

1) Retrieval
2) Mapping
3) Evaluation
4) Abstraction
5) Predictions

92
Q

What is analogical reasoning so demanding of attention and memory?

A

uses superficial and structural similarities
must maintain target in working memory
must search LTM for appropriate connections/similarities

93
Q

How experts solve problems

A

use related chunks of knowledge from LTM
focus on deep structure
empty forwards search (symptoms to diagnosis)

94
Q

System 1 consciousness

A

automatic processing not easily turned off; intuitive

95
Q

System 2 consciousness

A

controlled processing that requires attention; slow and inefficient, taxing

96
Q

seeing is not the same as ___________

A

visual awareness

97
Q

State of awareness of sensations/ideas so one can reflect, know what sensations feel like, report awareness to others

A

consciousness

98
Q

broad set of mental activities we perform without being aware

A

cognitive unconscious

99
Q

After that fact reconstructions of an event (adding motivations to your past actions)

A

Mistaken introspection

100
Q

cause you to do something different than what you intended to do (driving home instead of to the store after work)

A

Action slips

101
Q

guided by circumstance; inflexible; can operate without supervision (many at the same time)

A

Mental reflexes

102
Q

Executive control requires:

A

a way to initiate or override actions
a way to represent its goals and subgoals
info about inputs
info about the state of mental processes
(System 2!)

Cognitive Psychology 334 (2 decks)

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