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Cognitive Psychology 334 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the modern assumptions of cognitive psych?

A

1) mental processes exist
2) humans are active info processors
3) time and accuracy measures show how processes and structures work
4) humans are limited processors of info

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2
Q

Who first proposed that the mind’s perspectives are actually a function of the state of nerves in the brain

A

Johannes Muller

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3
Q

Approach that says humans not only respond to stimuli, but process the information they receive

A

Information-Processing Theory

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4
Q

term for degree of abstraction useful in describing an operation (ions, nuclei in the brain) ( movement of electrons, circuit diagrams in computers)

A

level

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5
Q

Types of information processing (what the brain is doing at a level of analysis):

A

storage, manipulation, transformation

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6
Q

States that the description at one level can’t be replaced by description at another level (not interchangeable)

A

critical notation

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7
Q

related positive pairs pair the fastest

A

Semantic Priming

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8
Q

normal target conditions related to similar words faster than nonword (abnormal primes)

A

Response Priming

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9
Q

Specifying the correct combo of structures involved and the processes needed for a trait

A

Identifiability

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10
Q

whether a theory is valid, following the test

A

Adequacy

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11
Q

limits the structure-process trade-offs so that representations are processes aren’t modified too much

A

Constraints

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12
Q

Modern cognitive researches uses these 2 main methods:

A

1) systematic experimentation (using operational definitions)
2) control of confounding factors

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13
Q

Data sources for cognitive psych

A

1) Phenomenological (experience)
2) Correlational neural methods ( blood flow recordings)
3) Causal neural methods (tumor, brain area removed)
4) Chronometrics (reaction times, neuroimaging)
5) Accuracy (precent correct)

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14
Q

Three difficulties in measuring RT and accuracy data:

A

1) Expectancy effects
2) Structure-process trade-offs
3) Speed-Accuracy trade-offs

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15
Q

Human patterns of cognition are not passive but….

A

Active

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16
Q

Is positive or negative info processed better?

A

positive

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17
Q

The initial process of detecting and coding (ambiguous) environmental info

A

sensation

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18
Q

result of psychological processes where meaning, relationships, context, judgements, experiences, and memory play a role

A

perception

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19
Q

Common problems with perception

A

TMI- too much info
TLI- too little info

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20
Q

processing that begins with stimulation of receptors

A

bottom-up

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21
Q

processing begins with prior knowledge or expectations that modifies initial response

A

top-down

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22
Q

type of nervous system coding where different stimuli alter the activity of different neurons

A

spatial coding

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23
Q

type of nervous system coding where the intensity of stimulation is encoded by neural firing

A

temporal coding

24
Q

The region of the retina that must be illuminated to obtain a response in any given neuron

A

The Receptive Field

25
Q

how does the visual system respond to contrast?

A

maximally

26
Q

Dual task of the visual system:

A

Maintain generality while also being able to respond to specific environmentally important stimuli

27
Q

The series of neurons that communicate info from the retina to the cortex

A

Retino-Geniculo-Cortical Pathway

28
Q

The reduction of a response from ganglion cells neighbors due to stimulation

A

lateral inhibition

29
Q

perceptual conséquences of lateral inhibition

A

edge enhancement
brightness illusion

30
Q

specialized neurons in what area results in parallel processing?

A

Area VI

31
Q

The what system

A

identifies visual objects

32
Q

The where system

A

location of objects and guiding actions

33
Q

location of the what system

A

occipital-temporal pathways

34
Q

location of the where system

A

occipital-parietal pathways

35
Q

neural firing is only synchronized for…

A

attended stimuli

36
Q

examples of top-down processing

A

odor intensity perception, speech segmentation, regularities, schemas

37
Q

Principles that say many stimuli are ambiguous and ability to interpret relies on similarity, proximity, good continuation, closure, and simplicity

A

Gestalt Principles

38
Q

Associative Agnosia

A

condition where the patient can see but not link the input to visual knowledge
-can draw from memory
-perceive an object, but not recognize it

39
Q

Apperceptive Agnosia

A

patient can perceive an objects features but can’t accurately bind them to perceive the object as a whole

40
Q

small elements that result from organized perception of form

A

features

41
Q

Integrative Agnosia

A

patient has difficulty seeing how multiple features are bound together

42
Q

Influences on errors:

A

1) regularity
2) well-formedness

43
Q

recent firing results in higher starting activation (warm-up effect)

A

recency

44
Q

frequent firing results in higher starting activation (exercise effect)

A

frequency

45
Q

In recognition, perfect accuracy is sacrificed for…..

A

efficiency

46
Q

Most common form of specialized recognition

A

Face Recognition

47
Q

type of agnosia known as face blindness

A

Prosopagnosia

48
Q

“super-recognizers”

A

are extremely accurate at recognizing faces but have no other perceptual or memory based advantages that we know of

49
Q

concentration of mental activity, limiting what is taken in externally and processed internally

A

Attention

50
Q

Detects unexpected but important events without interfering with important current processing

A

Attention task

51
Q

How does Reisberg describe attention?

A

As an achievement

52
Q

Why can’t we process all the info in from of us?

A

We have limited capacity and once we reach that capacity performance declines (circular logic)

53
Q

List some problems associated with ADHD:

A

difficulty sustaining attention
failure to finish tasks
avoidance of sustained efforts
distracted by stimuli
failure to pay close attention

54
Q

The three attentional networks:

A

1) alerting
2) orienting
3) executive

55
Q

Network of sustained attention, vigilance, alertness

A

Alerting network

56
Q

Network where specific info is selected from multiple stimuli

A

Orienting network

57
Q

Network of supervisory, selective, conflict resolution, and focused attention

A

Executive network

Cognitive Psychology 334 (2 decks)

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