Final Exam Terms (weeks 6-12)

Question 1

Growth

Answer 1

Increase in physical size.

Question 2

Development

Answer 2

Acquisition of skills and function.

Question 3

Maturation

Answer 3

Total process in which skills and potentials emerge regardless of practice or training.

Question 4

Physical Development

Answer 4

Body size and functions, appearance, motor development, physical health.

Question 5

Cognitive Development

Answer 5

Thought processes and intellectual abilities.

Question 6

Social and Emotional Development

Answer 6

Interpersonal skills, formation and maintenance of relationships, self-knowledge, emotions, temperament/personality.

Question 7

What are the child periods of development?

Answer 7

Prenatal period (conception to birth), infancy and toddlerhood (birth to 2/3), early childhood (3-6), middle childhood (6/7-11).

Question 8

What are the adult periods of development?

Answer 8

Adolescence (11-early 20s), young adulthood (early 20s - 40s), middle adulthood (early 40s to 60s), late adulthood (65+).

Question 9

Prenatal Period Problems

Answer 9

Baby is too small/large, postpartum depression, smoker in the house.

Question 10

Infancy Problems

Answer 10

Abuse, Trust v. Mistrust, malnutrition, neglect, brain damage.

Question 11

Early Childhood Problems

Answer 11

Malnutrition, speech issues, not dependent/too dependent, memorization, understanding emotions.

Question 12

Middle Childhood Problems

Answer 12

Gender Identity, puberty, problem-solving skills, bullying.

Question 13

Characteristics of Development

Answer 13

A lifelong continuous process, orderly manner/follows a certain sequence, production of interaction and environment, implies growth/change.

Question 14

Theory

Answer 14

Set of assumptions, principles, propositions, or interrelated concepts that explain and predict behavior or events.

Question 15

How are theories helpful?

Answer 15

Framework for organizing and interpreting the information that is acquired, a basis for designing prevention and remedial strategies, a basis for identifying problems, problem-solving alternatives, and interventions.

Question 16

Psycho-Sexual Theory Basic Assumptions

Answer 16

• Painful experiences during early childhood buried in the unconscious.
• The unconscious is the key to understanding behavior.
• Sigmund Freud

Question 17

Unconscious

Answer 17

Thoughts, feelings, motives, impulses, and events that are kept out of awareness.

Question 18

Three Main parts of Freud’s Stages

Answer 18

A physical focus, a psychological theme, fixation.

Question 19

A Physical Focus

Answer 19

Where the child’s energy is concentrated from where gratification is obtained.

Question 20

A Psychological Theme

Answer 20

Related to both the physical focus and the demands made on the child by the outside world as the child develops.

Question 21

Fixation

Answer 21

Being stuck in a particular stage.

Question 22

Psycho-sexual theory’s stages

Answer 22

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.

Question 23

Oral

Answer 23

(0-18 months) Pleasure centers on the mouth.

Question 24

Anal

Answer 24

(18-36 months) Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control.

Question 25

Phallic

Answer 25

(3-6 years) Pleasure zone is the genitals (Oedipus/Electra complexes)

Question 26

Latency

Answer 26

(6 to puberty) Dormant sex feelings.

Question 27

Genital

Answer 27

(puberty on) Maturation of sexual interests.

Question 28

Oral Stage Fixations

Answer 28

Too Much: Oral receptive traits (dependent), oral aggressive traits Too Little: Oral retentive traits (overeating)

Question 29

Anal Stage Fixations

Answer 29

Strict: Anal retentive traits (obsessively clean) Lax: Anal expulsive traits (poor organizations)

Question 30

Id

Answer 30

"The Demanding Child" (0-3 years) - Primary resource of energy and instincts - Ruled by pleasure principle - Never matures

Question 31

Ego

Answer 31

"The Cop" (by 3 years) - Controls/regulates behavior - Ruled by reality principle - mediates between Id and Superego

Question 32

SuperEgo

Answer 32

"The Judge" (by 5 years) - Internalization of parental/societal morals and values - Ruled by moral principal - Strives for perfection

Question 33

Psychosocial Basic Principles

Answer 33

-Erikson -Social environment impacts lives across the whole lifespan -Each new stage poses a challenge that may help/hinder further development (ego strength/ego quality vs. inadequacy)

Question 34

Ego Identity

Answer 34

The conscious sense of self.

Question 35

Trust v. Mistrust

Answer 35

[Infancy: 1st year] If needs met, develop a sense of basic trust (hope).

Question 36

Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt

Answer 36

[Todder: 2nd year] Toddlers learn to exercise will and things for themselves, or they will doubt their abilities (will).

Question 37

Initiative v. Guilt

Answer 37

[Preschool: 3-5 years] Learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent (purpose).

Question 38

Industry v. Inferiority

Answer 38

[Elementary: 6 to puberty] Learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior (competence).

Question 39

Identity v. Role Confusion

Answer 39

[Adolescence: teens to 20s] Refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about why they are (fidelity).

Question 40

Intimacy v. Isolation

Answer 40

[Young Adult: 20s to early 40s] Struggling to form close intimate relationships, or they feel socially isolated (love).

Question 41

Generativity v. Stagnation

Answer 41

[Middle Adult: 40s to 60s] Discovering a sense to contributing to the world, and work, or they may feel lack of purpose (care).

Question 42

Integrity v. Despair

Answer 42

[Late Adult: Late 60s +] Reflecting on life and feeling sense of satisfaction or failure (wisdom).

Question 43

Ecological Systems Theory

Answer 43

[Bronfenbrenner] - Environmental systems shape human and family development. - Systems do not determine human behavior but pose limitations as well as possibilities for individuals and families. - Individuals and families need to adapt to their environments in order to survive and to improve quality of life.

Question 44

Microsystem

Answer 44

Activities and interactions in the individual's immediate surroundings: parents, friends, school

Question 45

Mesosystem

Answer 45

Relationships and interactions between or among the entities involved in the individual's microsystem.

Question 46

Exosystem

Answer 46

Social institutions which affect children indirectly: Parents' work setting and policies, extended family networks, mass media, community resources

Question 47

Macrosystem

Answer 47

Broader cultural views, laws, governmental resources

Question 48

Chronosystem

Answer 48

Changes which occur during an individual's life, both personally and culturally

Question 49

Attachment

Answer 49

Enduring emotional tie to a special person characterized by a tendency to seek and maintain closeness, especially in times of stress.

Question 50

Attachment Theory

Answer 50

Formulated by John Bowlby and elaborated by Mary Ainsworth.

Question 51

Characteristics of Attachment

Answer 51

Safe haven, secure base, proximity maintenance, separation distress.

Question 52

"Strange Situation" Attachment Styles

Answer 52

Secure, avoidant, ambivalent/resistant, disorganized.