Final Exam Terms (weeks 13-16)

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Requires processing, exploring, organizing, and synthesizing information.

Question 2

Scheme

Answer 2

Refers to mental structures that people create to represent, organize, and interpret experiences, and adapt to new experiences.

Question 3

Assimilation

Answer 3

Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemes.

Question 4

Equilibrium

Answer 4

Harmony between schemes and experiences.

Question 5

Accommodation

Answer 5

Modifying existing structures in order to account for new experiences.

Question 6

Disequilibrium

Answer 6

A state of cognitive discomfort that occurs during times of rapid change.

Question 7

Sensorimotor

Answer 7

(0-2 years) The infant explores the world through direct sensory and motor contact. Object permanence and separation anxiety develop during this stage.

Question 8

Preoperational

Answer 8

(2-6 years) The child uses symbols (words and images) to represent objects but does not reason logically. This child also has the ability to pretend. During this stage, the child is egocentric.

Question 9

Concrete Operational

Answer 9

(7-12 years) The child can think logically about concrete objects and can thus add and subtract. This child also understands conservation.

Question 10

Formal Operational

Answer 10

(12 years to adult) The adolescent can reason abstractly and think in hypothetical terms.

Question 11

Socio-Cultural Theory

Answer 11

• Lev Vygotsky
• Development cannot be separated from social context
• Language plays a central role in cognitive development

Question 12

Scaffolding

Answer 12

Supporting the learner’s development by providing support structures to get to the next stage or skill set.

Question 13

Behavior

Answer 13

Learned, observable, measurable

Question 14

Classical Conditioning

Answer 14

One stimulus, through pairing with another, can produce a similar response.

Question 15

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 15

A stimulus that evokes an unlearned response.

Question 16

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 16

Unconditioned stimulus that occurs without prior conditioning (reflex).

Question 17

Conditioned Stimulus (CR)

Answer 17

A previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.

Question 18

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 18

A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of a prior conditioning.

Question 19

Operant Conditioning

Answer 19

Behavior is determined by environmental reinforcement and punishment.

Question 20

Observational Theory

Answer 20

(Bandura) Behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others (imitation/modeling)

Question 21

System

Answer 21

A whole made up of independent, but interrelated parts to achieve an end purpose (goal).

Question 22

Systems Theory

Answer 22

Views things as systems that are interconnected, interdependent, and interact.

Question 23

System Theory Concepts

Answer 23

• Systems are goal-oriented and the primary goal is survival

- Systems have boundaries that can be permeable or impermeable

Question 24

Open System

Answer 24

(Morphogenic - permeable boundaries)

• Exchange information and materials with the outside environment
• Is adaptive and open to change

Question 25

Closed System

Answer 25

(Morphostatic - impermeable boundaries)

• Receives no input from its environment
• is resistant to change

Question 26

Reciprocity

Answer 26

Systems or members influence each other as they interact with each other.

Question 27

Family

Answer 27

Two or more people who are living together and who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption.

Question 28

Family Types

Answer 28

Nuclear, LGBT, Single Parent, Reconstructed, extended, attenuated extended (live apart, but keep regular contact), biracial, bicultural.

Question 29

Types of Unions

Answer 29

Married, cohabiting/unwed, monogamy, polygamy, polyandry.

Question 30

Basic Functions of Family

Answer 30

Reproduction, pool resources, teaches values to children, stable sex relationship for adults and controls sex relationship of its members.