Final Exam Terms (weeks 13-16) Flashcards
Learning
Requires processing, exploring, organizing, and synthesizing information.
Scheme
Refers to mental structures that people create to represent, organize, and interpret experiences, and adapt to new experiences.
Assimilation
Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemes.
Equilibrium
Harmony between schemes and experiences.
Accommodation
Modifying existing structures in order to account for new experiences.
Disequilibrium
A state of cognitive discomfort that occurs during times of rapid change.
Sensorimotor
(0-2 years) The infant explores the world through direct sensory and motor contact. Object permanence and separation anxiety develop during this stage.
Preoperational
(2-6 years) The child uses symbols (words and images) to represent objects but does not reason logically. This child also has the ability to pretend. During this stage, the child is egocentric.
Concrete Operational
(7-12 years) The child can think logically about concrete objects and can thus add and subtract. This child also understands conservation.
Formal Operational
(12 years to adult) The adolescent can reason abstractly and think in hypothetical terms.
Socio-Cultural Theory
- Lev Vygotsky
- Development cannot be separated from social context
- Language plays a central role in cognitive development
Scaffolding
Supporting the learner’s development by providing support structures to get to the next stage or skill set.
Behavior
Learned, observable, measurable
Classical Conditioning
One stimulus, through pairing with another, can produce a similar response.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
A stimulus that evokes an unlearned response.
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Unconditioned stimulus that occurs without prior conditioning (reflex).
Conditioned Stimulus (CR)
A previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.
Conditioned Response (CR)
A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of a prior conditioning.
Operant Conditioning
Behavior is determined by environmental reinforcement and punishment.
Observational Theory
(Bandura) Behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others (imitation/modeling)
System
A whole made up of independent, but interrelated parts to achieve an end purpose (goal).
Systems Theory
Views things as systems that are interconnected, interdependent, and interact.
System Theory Concepts
- Systems are goal-oriented and the primary goal is survival
- Systems have boundaries that can be permeable or impermeable
Open System
(Morphogenic - permeable boundaries)
- Exchange information and materials with the outside environment
- Is adaptive and open to change
Closed System
(Morphostatic - impermeable boundaries)
- Receives no input from its environment
- is resistant to change
Reciprocity
Systems or members influence each other as they interact with each other.
Family
Two or more people who are living together and who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption.
Family Types
Nuclear, LGBT, Single Parent, Reconstructed, extended, attenuated extended (live apart, but keep regular contact), biracial, bicultural.
Types of Unions
Married, cohabiting/unwed, monogamy, polygamy, polyandry.
Basic Functions of Family
Reproduction, pool resources, teaches values to children, stable sex relationship for adults and controls sex relationship of its members.
