Final Exam Terms

Question 1

Evolutionary Species Concept

Answer 1

species have a distinct evolutionary fate from other lineages

Question 2

Phenetic Species Concept

Answer 2

Draws species boundaries between clusters

Question 3

Biological Species Concept

Answer 3

pattern of gene flow, rather than phenetic similarity that determines species boundaries

Question 4

Phylogenetic Species Concept

Answer 4

Uses shared derived traits to draw species boundaries between monophyletic groups.

Question 5

Allopatric Speciation

Answer 5

speciation takes place in populations that are geographically isolated from one another

Question 6

Parapatric Speciation

Answer 6

incipient species-diverging populations on the path to speciation-have distributions that abut one another

Question 7

Sympatric Speciation

Answer 7

populations diverge into new species while in the same location

Question 8

Dumbbell Model

Answer 8

an initially large population is subdivided into new populations that are themselves still relatively large ( less genetic drift )

Question 9

Peripheral Isolate Model

Answer 9

populations that are geographically separated from one another differ in size, with one large population and one or more smaller populations (founder effects, accelerated genetic drift)

Question 10

Cline

Answer 10

A spatial gradient in the frequency of phenotypes or genotypes

Question 11

Hybrid Zone

Answer 11

diverging populations encounter each other, mate, and produce hybrid offspring

Question 12

Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms

Answer 12

deter hybridization between two populations hybrids are at disadvantage usually but not always

Question 13

Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms

Answer 13

prevent or deter individuals from mating with one another, or prevent fertilization from occurring if such a mating does take place

Question 14

Postzygotic Isolation Mechanisms

Answer 14

These operate after fertilization and conception, may lead to successful fertilization but the embryo does not survive. If it does, it may be fertile or have dramatically reduced fitness.

Question 15

Cooperation

Answer 15

occurs when two or more individuals each receive a net benefit from joint actions

Question 16

Inclusive Fitness

Answer 16

producing more offspring or helping her kin in reproductive endeavors

Question 17

Direct Fitness

Answer 17

number of viable offspring reproduced

Question 18

Indirect Fitness

Answer 18

incremental effect that the individual behavior has on the direct fitness of its genetic relatives

Question 19

Eusociality

Answer 19

reproductive division of labor, only fraction of population mating at a given time

Question 20

Reciprocal Altruism

Answer 20

individuals benefit from exchanging acts of altruism

Question 21

Sexual Selection

Answer 21

depends on the advantage which certain individuals have over other individuals if the same sex and species in exclusive relation to reproduction

Question 22

Monogomous Mating System

Answer 22

male and female mate with each other and only each other

Question 23

Polygamous Mating System

Answer 23

either males or females have more than one mate

Question 24

Polygyny

Answer 24

males mate with more than one female

Question 25

Polyandry

Answer 25

females make with more than one male

Question 26

Polygynandry

Answer 26

several males form pair bonds with several females simultaneously

Question 27

Intersexual Selection

Answer 27

individuals of one sex select among individuals of the other sex as mates

Question 28

Intrasexual Selection

Answer 28

in which members of one sex, most often males, compete with each other for mating access to the other sex

Question 29

Runaway Sexual Selection Model

Answer 29

a gene that codes for a particular trait in males over time becomes associated with a gene that codes for a particular trait in males over time becomes associated with a gene that codes for a particular behavioral mating preference in females- linkage disequilibrium arises between alleles for male phenotype and female preference.

Question 30

Postcopulatory Sexual Selection

Answer 30

competition occurring after female jas mated with numerous males

Question 31

Sensory Bias Model

Answer 31

female nervous system responds to trait either because it is associated with some benefit outside of mate choice, or simply an artifact of how they are “wired”

Question 32

Sexual Conflict

Answer 32

Traits that evolve in one sex may be detrimental to the other sex