Final Exam Terms Flashcards
Thomas Hobbes
an English philosopher, exiled from England during civil war, thought human nature was violent and cruel, believed powerful ruler was necessary to maintain order
John Locke
an English philosopher and writer, lived through English civil war, wrote many pieces, came up with ideas such natural rights-the right to life liberty and property, people are shaped by their experiences, a government’s power comes from the people (consent of the governed)
Adam Smith
a Scottish philosopher, founder of economics, “laissez-faire”-French for “to let the people do what they want” meaning government shouldn’t interfere
Wealth of Nations
written by Adam Smith, beginnings of capitalism, popularized terms such as “laissez-faire” and “invisible hand”
Louis XVI (16)
King of France at the beginning of the Revolution, lived a lavish lifestyle, made more poor financial decisions for France, seen as what’s wrong with Feudal France and executed during the French Revolution
Marie Antionette
Wife of Louis/Queen of France, married into French royal family (originally from Austria), lived lavishly and was executed along with her husband
Estates System
a social hierarchy used in pre-revolutionary France
First Estate
clergy
Second Estate
nobles
Third Estate
everybody else
Estates General
assembly of representatives from all three estates that advise the king, corrupt, first and second estate always side together leaving the people with very little power, one vote per estate
Storming of the Bastille
stormed the Bastille stealing arms, killing guards, releasing prisoners, symbolically dismantling the kings absolute power
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
French constitution, ended the feudal system, all men are declared equal, constitutional monarchy, freedom of speech
Guillotine
machine used to behead people, used A LOT in the radical phase of the revolution, considered to be more humane than earlier forms of execution
Maximilien Robespierre
a leader of the French revolution, famous for his “Reign of Terror,” had many people guillotined (anti-revolutionaries) only to face that end himself
Jacobins
radical group of the revolution led by Robespierre
Napoleon Bonaparte
French military leader and eventually emperor, rose and fell in popularity and power, tried to take over Europe to create the French Empire
The Napoleonic Code
Napoleon’s civil laws
-abolition of feudal privileges
-very patriarchal
-property rights
-right to choose profession
-reestablished slavery in colonies
The Congress of Vienna/Concert of Europe
Meeting between European leaders (monarchs and nobles) after Napoleon’s fall to help restore feudal order and peace, monarchs are scared
Saint Domingue
French name for what is now Haiti, french colony, ⅓ of Hispaniola (the island), French colony until 1804, first nation to ban slavery, only successful slave rebellion in modern history
Toussaint Louverture
1st leader of the Haitian revolution, military leader, helped with first constitution, tried negotiating with France (1801), former slave, captured by Napoleon and dies in French prison
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
2nd leader of the Haitian revolution, eventually crowned Emperor, second constitution
Latin American Revolutions
Many Latin American nations sought independence from Spain (1800s), wanted more freedom and equality, inspired by the many other revolutions that occurred in this time period in the Atlantic sphere
Creole
second class down the pyramid in Latin America (born in Americas to two Spanish parents), leaders of the revolutions, had military power but not political power
Simon Bolivar
leader of many Latin American revolutions including modern day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia (which was named after him), rode horseback an unbelievable amount
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?
-easy access to coal
-naval power-extra money, can control the spread of inventions
-gov didn’t censor scientific work
-innovations in agriculture and textile industries
Steam engine
new invention/machinery in the IR that utilizes steam (needs to heat water by burning coal or other fossil fuels) to function, used to power trains, ships, factories, anything that could use an engine
Cottage industry
business or manufacturing in small shops or private homes, handmade, common pre-IR
Factory system
Manufacturing in (mechanized) factories, large scale production and business, common after IR
Population growth
better agricultural tech led to more food led to better nutrition led to less death led to population growth
Urbanization
less workers needed on rural farms and more needed in urban factories, new cities built around natural resources and existing cities grew
Industrial capitalism
Industry, factories, production owned and controlled by a few and privately owned
Women and child labor
Exploited early on in the Industrial Revolution, child labor laws created, started regulating factory and work conditions
Socialism
An idealogy that is based on the idea of sharing resources equally within society
Organized labor
Labor or trade unions were created in response to terrible working conditions in early factories, these groups advocated for worker rights
Communism/Marxism
A more advanced form of socialism in which private property is completely abolished and all property is shared
Karl Marx: Communist Manifesto
Founder of communism (Marxism), German writer and thinker in the 19th century
Bourgeoisie
Upper class, land/factory owners
Proletariat
working class
Berlin Conference
A meeting among European leaders in Berlin in which they “carved up” Africa and other territories for imperial rule
Social Darwinism
A psuedo-science whose main idea surrounded ethnic/racial superiority and hierarchy, used to justify imperialism and nationalism in some ways
Congo Free State
King Leopold (of Belgium)’s private ownership and rule over the Congo, treated citizens horribly, roughly 10 million deaths
George Washington Williams
Black American veteran and pastor, reads good things about Leopold and Congo, goes there and learns of the violence and terror and sounds the alarm on what’s happening there
Direct Rule
An imperial government’s direct control over a colonized country
Indirect Rule
Using the pre-established governmental systems but imperial powers have control over the local government
Qing Dynasty
A dynasty in China ruled by an absolute monarch, ruled early 17th century to early 20th century
Taiping Rebellion
Civil war between Qing Dynasty and a group of Chinese citizens who wanted greater equality, big Christian influence, very deadly, Qing win with Western support
The “Canton System” (Guangzhou)
China moved all trade to Guangzhou, could only trade from there, strict trade rules to try to restrict cultural exchange
Opium Wars
A series of wars between China and Britain-imbalance of trade led Britain to sell opium to China, China didn’t like it and destroyed some opium, British merchants demanded their money back, they started fighting over it
Extraterritoriality
For nations that have colonial/imperial territory outside of their home country the laws of the imperial power apply to that territory
Unequal treaties
Treaties that Britain forces China to sign after the Opium wars, when China dumped opium and Britain demanded payback
The Boxer Rebellion
A rebellion that was anti-foreigner, anti-Christian, and anti-imperial, valued Chinese traditions, put down by Western powers
Spheres of Influence
territories owned/governed/ occupied by foreign powers
Tokugawa Shogunate
empire/dynasty that followed a feudal system, high taxes, agricultural, isolationist, military dictatorship
Meji Restoration
Industrialisation and Westernization, new constitution, new infrastructure, “take the best from the West” while keeping Japanese traditions
British East India Company
A private British company that engages in trade and business around the globe, they acquire territory, the dominant European trading company by the 1800s
1857 Uprising (India)
Uprising by sepoys (Indian soldiers under control of British government), they rebel at an army facility, very violent and many deaths, sepoys angry that British used animal fat on gun cartridges (against Hindu and Muslim beliefs)
Gandhi
A lawyer and activist who utilized peaceful methods to protest Britain’s rule in India, advocates for a secular democratic government, assassinated by a Hindu-nationalist
Salt March
The British had taxes on and prohibited making salt, Gandhi and his followers walked for miles to the coast to make salt as a form of protest against British rule
Partition (India/Pakistan)
End of British rule in India BUT they helped create new territories-Pakistan a Muslim majority nation (had West and East, East later becomes Bangladesh) and India a Hindu majority nation, the separation was violent and created lasting tensions
“Blank Check”
An alliance, says Germany supports Austria-Hungary, allows A-H to attack Serbia despite fear of Russian army (back up for both sides)
M.A.I.N.
militarism, alliances, imperialism/industrialization, nationalism, long term causes of WWI
Militarism
armies and military developed in the years leading up to WWI, industrialized production of weapons, generals gain more political power, military is glorified, larger armies for fear of invasion,
Alliances
Began to rely on each other for greater protection in fear of military problems and isolation, aimed to prevent war
Imperialism
Political and economic power over another country, normally exploitative, in combination with capitalism and industrialization provided Imperial nations large profits
Nationalism
Feelings of loyalty to one’s nation or people, can be very motivating, national honor, escalates conflicts (borders, war, military)
What spark’s WWI?
The assassination of Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne) by a Serbian Nationalist in Sarajevo
Triple Alliance
Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary
Triple Entente
France, Britain, Russia
The Schlieffen Plan
Germany’s strategy for WWI, war on two fronts, quickly take down France first, then fight Russia, failed when they were stalled in France, went through Belgium and got Britain involved
The Western Front
France, trench warfare
The Eastern Front
Russia, Austria-Hungary
War of Attrition
No rapid territory expansion, just wear enemy down with attacks until they are too weak to keep fighting and surrender
Trench Warfare/Stalemate
New war tactic in WWI, used on the Eastern Front, so effective (hard to capture) that it turns into a stalemate and no progress is made for years, bad conditions in trenches, deadly
“No man’s land”
Small area in between opposing trenches, very dangerous, rarely crossed
Unrestricted submarine warfare
Naval warfare used by Germany, sink any ships (even commercial) that enter German waters, US got involved after ship with Americans was sunk
Zimmermann Telegram
Germany tries to get Mexico to declare on US but telegram is intercepted and US joins war
The Treaty of Versailles
Ended WWI, blamed Germany and Austria-Hungary for WWI, restored French provinces of Alsace and Loraine, used to limit Germany’s ability to cause future problems (reparations, can’t invade, etc)
Armistice
Truce, agreement to stop fighting, occurred on 11/11/1919-unofficial end of war
Paris Peace Conference
1919, to determine peace settlement, US wants global peace organization, France and Britain want Germany to pay
The League of Nations/14 points
World organization to keep peace founded during the Paris Peace Conference, Woodrow Wilson’s suggestion for peace (diplomacy, reduced military power, advocating for self-determination
Czar Nicholas II
Czar at the time of the Russian Revolution, dethroned and killed by the Bolsheviks, shy and gullible, doesn’t engage much with the people
Romanovs
Russian royal family, Czar Nicholas II, Czarina Alexandra, their son was sick as a child
St. Petersburg
Old/Imperial capital of Russia
Moscow
Post revolutionary capital of Russia/Soviet Union
Autocracy
Absolute monarchy, rule by one leader designated by bloodline
Bloody Sunday
1905, workers and families peacefully protesting (supportive of the czar) outside the palace, guards opened fire on the crowd and killed hundreds
1905 October Manifesto/Reforms
precursor to Russian Constitution (1906), issued by Czar Nicholas under influence of others in response to revolution, established the Duma, promised some civil rights
Duma
Russian parliament, weak, controlled by czar
Bolsheviks
Led by Lenin, believed a small group could first rule to show the people the way, Marxist dictatorship
Vladimir Lenin
Planned to overthrow czar and start a communist revolution, leader of Bolsheviks, first leader of the Soviet Union (1917-1924) and made it a one party state
Joseph Stalin
Leader of Russia 1920s-50s, authoritarian, communist, somewhat popular during his time, propaganda master, Bolshevik party secretary under Lenin, Lenin did not want him to be his successor
Five year plan
Stalin’s improvement plan for Russia, included modernizing the economy, creating industry, industrializing, being able to defend itself
Collectivization (Ukraine)
farms brought under gov control, created famine and death, Ukraine considers it a genocide
Gulags and purges
Gulags were labor camps mostly for political prisoners in an attempt to purge possible enemies from the USSR
“Socialism in One Country”
Communist revolution was originally supposed to be a global movement, but Russia, not disagreeing, decided to strengthen socialism within their own country first
“War Guilt Clause”
Forced Germany and its allies to fully take the blame for WWI, a clause in the Treaty of Versailles
Demilitarization of Germany
Germany was barred from having certain military equipment and personnel, military free zones established, mandated in the Treaty of Versailles to try to prevent another war
Weimar Republic
New German gov in the 1920s, democratic, economic problems, multi-party system
Mandate System
European countries (England, France) were “assigned” to Middle Eastern countries to help lead and maintain control
Sykes-Picot
1916 secret treaty between England and France establishing mandates in the Middle East
Balfour Declaration
Document released by British officer expressing the desire to create a Jewish nation-state in Palestine, prompting many Jews to move to the area and creating conflict with Muslims, who also viewed Palestine as their homeland
The Great Depression
US stock market crash 1929, spread to Europe, high unemployment and poverty, overall economic instability
Benito Mussolini
“il duce” Italian dictator 1920s-40s, creator of Fascism, led a strict violent militarized regime
Adolf Hitler
Leader (president and chancellor) of Germany in the 1930s-40s, leader of the Nazi Party, created anti-Semitic laws, concentration camps, responsible for the Holocaust
National Socialists/Nazi Party
Political minority in early 1930s, gained popularity mid 1930s due to Hitler and desire for change, eventually became the only party, responsible for the Holocaust
Enabling Acts
1933, Hitler got emergency power for 4 years, he has complete control, can override laws, constitution, parliament, etc
Nuremburg Laws
1935, anti-Semitic legislation, Jews stripped of civil rights and citizenship, defined as separate race, intermarriage forbidden
Kristallnacht
1938, night of the broken glass, riots against Jewish places-synagogues burned, businesses destroyed, homes looted, Jews arrested
Fascism
characterized by militarism, violence and force, glorification of the past, nationalism, revolution, xenophobia, dictatorship, a mix of left-wing (revolution) and right-wing (militarism, nationalism) ideas, grows when people are looking for structural change
Totalitarianism
Governmental control and censorship of everything, dictatorship, limits the people’s rights
Appeasement
Allies allow Hitler’s expansion thinking he gets what he already took, but no more, in order to avoid war
Munich Conference
1938, the meeting (between Germany, Britain, France, and Italy) where the appeasement policy was decided
Neville Chamberlain
Prime Minister of Britain from 1937 to 1940, known for his role in appeasement
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
1939, agreement between Stalin and Hitler to not invade each other, Hitler now feels like he can take other lands
Blitzkrieg
German war tactic, “lightning war,” very effective-took most of Europe this way, tanks supported by aircraft followed by army
Battle of Britain
1940-41, air battle for Britain (last free Allied European country), Royal Air Force has tech advantage with radar, Britain wins
Operation Barbarossa
1941, German land invasion of the Soviet Union, breaks Nazi-Soviet Pact and surprises Stalin, Soviets move factories and civilians out German reach
Pearl Harbor
Japanese bombing of the US military base in Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, the beginning of the US’s involvement in WWII
Battle of Stalingrad
1942-43, largest battle in WWII, Hitler wanted to capture the oil rich region around the Black Sea and the industrial city, Soviets succeed
Holocaust
The genocide against Jews by Hitler and the Nazis during WWII, over 6 million Jews died, other minorities were also targeted
Ghettos/death camps
Camps set up by Hitler and the Nazis to imprison and “exterminate” Jews, political enemies, and others they deemed as dangerous to Germany, resulted in genocide
D-Day
Over 150k Allied troops cross the English Channel and land in Normandy (amphibious invasions), ready for land invasion of Germany
Japanese Imperialism
In the 20th century Japan tried to take over many territories in the Pacific in an attempt to compete with Western imperialist nations, wanted to kick Western governments out of Asia, Pan-Asianism–a sort of large scale nationalism
Rape of Nanking
Mass rape of Chinese citizens by Japanese soldiers during their invasion/occupation of the Chinese city of Nanking
Battle of Midway
US planes destroyed attacking Japanese ships, US established naval superiority in the Pacific, turning point in the Pacific
“Island Hopping”
The US/Allied strategy in the Pacific, seizing some islands (while leaving unuseful ones) working their way towards mainland Japan.
Hiroshima/Nagasaki
The two Japanese cities that the US dropped atomic bombs on to end WWII, forced Japan to surrender
Marshall Plan
US plan to rebuild Europe in the aftermath of WWII, in turn Europe participated in the American free market, hoped to also in aid in preventing the spread of communism, USSR refused aid
Truman Doctrine/Containment
The US policy with the goal of stopping the spread of communism, Domino Theory suggested that Communism would spread from nation to nation and the US was actively working to stop this
Iron Curtain
The divide between Western capitalist Europe and the communist Soviet Bloc, physically represented by the Berlin Wall
US vs USSR-ideological differences
capitalism vs communism, free democratic two party system vs authoritarian one party system
Proxy wars
outside nations providing funding and resources to nations engaged in war, indirectly fighting, many examples in the Cold War
M.A.D.-Mutually Assured Destruction
Both the US and USSR had atomic weapons, if one nation were to use them on the other they would face retaliation and both countries would face significant damage, prevented any physical conflicts in the Cold War
Berlin Wall 1989
The wall collapses in 1989, East German Communist Party decides people can cross the border and they do so in mass breaking down the wall as they go, marks the beginning of the end of the Soviet Bloc and the Cold War
Glasnost and Perestroika
reforms in the Soviet Union towards the end of the Cold War, opened up more, increased freedom of the press, moved towards capitalism, led to its fall
Decolonization
European Empires fell Post WWII, lost colonies in Asia and Africa, couldn’t maintain them economically, European power and influence over the rest of the world decreases, colonized countries inspired to fight for independence (veterans returning from war, nationalism, Cold War politics, international support)
Chinese Nationalist Party (Guomindang)
In control before the revolution, have Western support, lose and flee to Taiwan
Communist Party of China (CCP)
Takes power in the Communist Revolution of 1949 and establish the People’s Republic of China, led by Mao Zedong, one party system
Mao Ze Dong
Chairman of the CCP and leader of China for about 25 years, worshiped by the people, wrote the Little Red Book (his philosophies), portraits all over
The Great Leap Forward
1956-62, a time of rapid industrialization in China, everybody was expected to contribute, home steel factories in every village, many deaths to collectivization
Cultural Revolution
1966-72, time of getting rid of the old culture (the 4 olds), replaced with deep cultural devotion to China and Mao-Little Red Books, Red Guard (youth members), Maoism
