Final Exam Terms Flashcards
1
Q
Thomas Hobbes
A
an English philosopher, exiled from England during civil war, thought human nature was violent and cruel, believed powerful ruler was necessary to maintain order
2
Q
John Locke
A
an English philosopher and writer, lived through English civil war, wrote many pieces, came up with ideas such natural rights-the right to life liberty and property, people are shaped by their experiences, a government’s power comes from the people (consent of the governed)
3
Q
Adam Smith
A
a Scottish philosopher, founder of economics, “laissez-faire”-French for “to let the people do what they want” meaning government shouldn’t interfere
4
Q
Wealth of Nations
A
written by Adam Smith, beginnings of capitalism, popularized terms such as “laissez-faire” and “invisible hand”
5
Q
Louis XVI (16)
A
King of France at the beginning of the Revolution, lived a lavish lifestyle, made more poor financial decisions for France, seen as what’s wrong with Feudal France and executed during the French Revolution
6
Q
Marie Antionette
A
Wife of Louis/Queen of France, married into French royal family (originally from Austria), lived lavishly and was executed along with her husband
7
Q
Estates System
A
a social hierarchy used in pre-revolutionary France
8
Q
First Estate
A
clergy
9
Q
Second Estate
A
nobles
10
Q
Third Estate
A
everybody else
11
Q
Estates General
A
assembly of representatives from all three estates that advise the king, corrupt, first and second estate always side together leaving the people with very little power, one vote per estate
12
Q
Storming of the Bastille
A
stormed the Bastille stealing arms, killing guards, releasing prisoners, symbolically dismantling the kings absolute power
13
Q
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
A
French constitution, ended the feudal system, all men are declared equal, constitutional monarchy, freedom of speech
14
Q
Guillotine
A
machine used to behead people, used A LOT in the radical phase of the revolution, considered to be more humane than earlier forms of execution
15
Q
Maximilien Robespierre
A
a leader of the French revolution, famous for his “Reign of Terror,” had many people guillotined (anti-revolutionaries) only to face that end himself
16
Q
Jacobins
A
radical group of the revolution led by Robespierre
17
Q
Napoleon Bonaparte
A
French military leader and eventually emperor, rose and fell in popularity and power, tried to take over Europe to create the French Empire
18
Q
The Napoleonic Code
A
Napoleon’s civil laws
-abolition of feudal privileges
-very patriarchal
-property rights
-right to choose profession
-reestablished slavery in colonies
19
Q
The Congress of Vienna/Concert of Europe
A
Meeting between European leaders (monarchs and nobles) after Napoleon’s fall to help restore feudal order and peace, monarchs are scared
20
Q
Saint Domingue
A
French name for what is now Haiti, french colony, ⅓ of Hispaniola (the island), French colony until 1804, first nation to ban slavery, only successful slave rebellion in modern history
21
Q
Toussaint Louverture
A
1st leader of the Haitian revolution, military leader, helped with first constitution, tried negotiating with France (1801), former slave, captured by Napoleon and dies in French prison
22
Q
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
A
2nd leader of the Haitian revolution, eventually crowned Emperor, second constitution
23
Q
Latin American Revolutions
A
Many Latin American nations sought independence from Spain (1800s), wanted more freedom and equality, inspired by the many other revolutions that occurred in this time period in the Atlantic sphere
24
Q
Creole
A
second class down the pyramid in Latin America (born in Americas to two Spanish parents), leaders of the revolutions, had military power but not political power
25
Simon Bolivar
leader of many Latin American revolutions including modern day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia (which was named after him), rode horseback an unbelievable amount
26
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?
-easy access to coal
-naval power-extra money, can control the spread of inventions
-gov didn't censor scientific work
-innovations in agriculture and textile industries
27
Steam engine
new invention/machinery in the IR that utilizes steam (needs to heat water by burning coal or other fossil fuels) to function, used to power trains, ships, factories, anything that could use an engine
28
Cottage industry
business or manufacturing in small shops or private homes, handmade, common pre-IR
29
Factory system
Manufacturing in (mechanized) factories, large scale production and business, common after IR
30
Population growth
better agricultural tech led to more food led to better nutrition led to less death led to population growth
31
Urbanization
less workers needed on rural farms and more needed in urban factories, new cities built around natural resources and existing cities grew
32
Industrial capitalism
Industry, factories, production owned and controlled by a few and privately owned
33
Women and child labor
Exploited early on in the Industrial Revolution, child labor laws created, started regulating factory and work conditions
34
Socialism
An idealogy that is based on the idea of sharing resources equally within society
35
Organized labor
Labor or trade unions were created in response to terrible working conditions in early factories, these groups advocated for worker rights
36
Communism/Marxism
A more advanced form of socialism in which private property is completely abolished and all property is shared
37
Karl Marx: Communist Manifesto
Founder of communism (Marxism), German writer and thinker in the 19th century
38
Bourgeoisie
Upper class, land/factory owners
39
Proletariat
working class
40
Berlin Conference
A meeting among European leaders in Berlin in which they "carved up" Africa and other territories for imperial rule
41
Social Darwinism
A psuedo-science whose main idea surrounded ethnic/racial superiority and hierarchy, used to justify imperialism and nationalism in some ways
42
Congo Free State
King Leopold (of Belgium)'s private ownership and rule over the Congo, treated citizens horribly, roughly 10 million deaths
43
George Washington Williams
Black American veteran and pastor, reads good things about Leopold and Congo, goes there and learns of the violence and terror and sounds the alarm on what's happening there
44
Direct Rule
An imperial government’s direct control over a colonized country
45
Indirect Rule
Using the pre-established governmental systems but imperial powers have control over the local government
46
Qing Dynasty
A dynasty in China ruled by an absolute monarch, ruled early 17th century to early 20th century
47
Taiping Rebellion
Civil war between Qing Dynasty and a group of Chinese citizens who wanted greater equality, big Christian influence, very deadly, Qing win with Western support
48
The "Canton System" (Guangzhou)
China moved all trade to Guangzhou, could only trade from there, strict trade rules to try to restrict cultural exchange
49
Opium Wars
A series of wars between China and Britain-imbalance of trade led Britain to sell opium to China, China didn’t like it and destroyed some opium, British merchants demanded their money back, they started fighting over it
50
Extraterritoriality
For nations that have colonial/imperial territory outside of their home country the laws of the imperial power apply to that territory
51
Unequal treaties
Treaties that Britain forces China to sign after the Opium wars, when China dumped opium and Britain demanded payback
52
The Boxer Rebellion
A rebellion that was anti-foreigner, anti-Christian, and anti-imperial, valued Chinese traditions, put down by Western powers
53
Spheres of Influence
territories owned/governed/ occupied by foreign powers
54
Tokugawa Shogunate
empire/dynasty that followed a feudal system, high taxes, agricultural, isolationist, military dictatorship
55
Meji Restoration
Industrialisation and Westernization, new constitution, new infrastructure, “take the best from the West” while keeping Japanese traditions
56
British East India Company
A private British company that engages in trade and business around the globe, they acquire territory, the dominant European trading company by the 1800s
57
1857 Uprising (India)
Uprising by sepoys (Indian soldiers under control of British government), they rebel at an army facility, very violent and many deaths, sepoys angry that British used animal fat on gun cartridges (against Hindu and Muslim beliefs)
58
Gandhi
A lawyer and activist who utilized peaceful methods to protest Britain's rule in India, advocates for a secular democratic government, assassinated by a Hindu-nationalist
59
Salt March
The British had taxes on and prohibited making salt, Gandhi and his followers walked for miles to the coast to make salt as a form of protest against British rule
60
Partition (India/Pakistan)
End of British rule in India BUT they helped create new territories-Pakistan a Muslim majority nation (had West and East, East later becomes Bangladesh) and India a Hindu majority nation, the separation was violent and created lasting tensions
61
"Blank Check"
An alliance, says Germany supports Austria-Hungary, allows A-H to attack Serbia despite fear of Russian army (back up for both sides)
62
M.A.I.N.
militarism, alliances, imperialism/industrialization, nationalism, long term causes of WWI
63
Militarism
armies and military developed in the years leading up to WWI, industrialized production of weapons, generals gain more political power, military is glorified, larger armies for fear of invasion,
64
Alliances
Began to rely on each other for greater protection in fear of military problems and isolation, aimed to prevent war
65
Imperialism
Political and economic power over another country, normally exploitative, in combination with capitalism and industrialization provided Imperial nations large profits
66
Nationalism
Feelings of loyalty to one's nation or people, can be very motivating, national honor, escalates conflicts (borders, war, military)
67
What spark's WWI?
The assassination of Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne) by a Serbian Nationalist in Sarajevo
68
Triple Alliance
Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary
69
Triple Entente
France, Britain, Russia
70
The Schlieffen Plan
Germany's strategy for WWI, war on two fronts, quickly take down France first, then fight Russia, failed when they were stalled in France, went through Belgium and got Britain involved
71
The Western Front
France, trench warfare
72
The Eastern Front
Russia, Austria-Hungary
73
War of Attrition
No rapid territory expansion, just wear enemy down with attacks until they are too weak to keep fighting and surrender
74
Trench Warfare/Stalemate
New war tactic in WWI, used on the Eastern Front, so effective (hard to capture) that it turns into a stalemate and no progress is made for years, bad conditions in trenches, deadly
75
"No man's land"
Small area in between opposing trenches, very dangerous, rarely crossed
76
Unrestricted submarine warfare
Naval warfare used by Germany, sink any ships (even commercial) that enter German waters, US got involved after ship with Americans was sunk
77
Zimmermann Telegram
Germany tries to get Mexico to declare on US but telegram is intercepted and US joins war
78
The Treaty of Versailles
Ended WWI, blamed Germany and Austria-Hungary for WWI, restored French provinces of Alsace and Loraine, used to limit Germany's ability to cause future problems (reparations, can't invade, etc)
79
Armistice
Truce, agreement to stop fighting, occurred on 11/11/1919-unofficial end of war
80
Paris Peace Conference
1919, to determine peace settlement, US wants global peace organization, France and Britain want Germany to pay
81
The League of Nations/14 points
World organization to keep peace founded during the Paris Peace Conference, Woodrow Wilson's suggestion for peace (diplomacy, reduced military power, advocating for self-determination
82
Czar Nicholas II
Czar at the time of the Russian Revolution, dethroned and killed by the Bolsheviks, shy and gullible, doesn't engage much with the people
83
Romanovs
Russian royal family, Czar Nicholas II, Czarina Alexandra, their son was sick as a child
84
St. Petersburg
Old/Imperial capital of Russia
85
Moscow
Post revolutionary capital of Russia/Soviet Union
86
Autocracy
Absolute monarchy, rule by one leader designated by bloodline
87
Bloody Sunday
1905, workers and families peacefully protesting (supportive of the czar) outside the palace, guards opened fire on the crowd and killed hundreds
88
1905 October Manifesto/Reforms
precursor to Russian Constitution (1906), issued by Czar Nicholas under influence of others in response to revolution, established the Duma, promised some civil rights
89
Duma
Russian parliament, weak, controlled by czar
90
Bolsheviks
Led by Lenin, believed a small group could first rule to show the people the way, Marxist dictatorship
91
Vladimir Lenin
Planned to overthrow czar and start a communist revolution, leader of Bolsheviks, first leader of the Soviet Union (1917-1924) and made it a one party state
92
Joseph Stalin
Leader of Russia 1920s-50s, authoritarian, communist, somewhat popular during his time, propaganda master, Bolshevik party secretary under Lenin, Lenin did not want him to be his successor
93
Five year plan
Stalin's improvement plan for Russia, included modernizing the economy, creating industry, industrializing, being able to defend itself
94
Collectivization (Ukraine)
farms brought under gov control, created famine and death, Ukraine considers it a genocide
95
Gulags and purges
Gulags were labor camps mostly for political prisoners in an attempt to purge possible enemies from the USSR
96
"Socialism in One Country"
Communist revolution was originally supposed to be a global movement, but Russia, not disagreeing, decided to strengthen socialism within their own country first
97
"War Guilt Clause"
Forced Germany and its allies to fully take the blame for WWI, a clause in the Treaty of Versailles
98
Demilitarization of Germany
Germany was barred from having certain military equipment and personnel, military free zones established, mandated in the Treaty of Versailles to try to prevent another war
99
Weimar Republic
New German gov in the 1920s, democratic, economic problems, multi-party system
100
Mandate System
European countries (England, France) were "assigned" to Middle Eastern countries to help lead and maintain control
101
Sykes-Picot
1916 secret treaty between England and France establishing mandates in the Middle East
102
Balfour Declaration
Document released by British officer expressing the desire to create a Jewish nation-state in Palestine, prompting many Jews to move to the area and creating conflict with Muslims, who also viewed Palestine as their homeland
103
The Great Depression
US stock market crash 1929, spread to Europe, high unemployment and poverty, overall economic instability
104
Benito Mussolini
"il duce" Italian dictator 1920s-40s, creator of Fascism, led a strict violent militarized regime
105
Adolf Hitler
Leader (president and chancellor) of Germany in the 1930s-40s, leader of the Nazi Party, created anti-Semitic laws, concentration camps, responsible for the Holocaust
106
National Socialists/Nazi Party
Political minority in early 1930s, gained popularity mid 1930s due to Hitler and desire for change, eventually became the only party, responsible for the Holocaust
107
Enabling Acts
1933, Hitler got emergency power for 4 years, he has complete control, can override laws, constitution, parliament, etc
108
Nuremburg Laws
1935, anti-Semitic legislation, Jews stripped of civil rights and citizenship, defined as separate race, intermarriage forbidden
109
Kristallnacht
1938, night of the broken glass, riots against Jewish places-synagogues burned, businesses destroyed, homes looted, Jews arrested
110
Fascism
characterized by militarism, violence and force, glorification of the past, nationalism, revolution, xenophobia, dictatorship, a mix of left-wing (revolution) and right-wing (militarism, nationalism) ideas, grows when people are looking for structural change
111
Totalitarianism
Governmental control and censorship of everything, dictatorship, limits the people's rights
112
Appeasement
Allies allow Hitler's expansion thinking he gets what he already took, but no more, in order to avoid war
113
Munich Conference
1938, the meeting (between Germany, Britain, France, and Italy) where the appeasement policy was decided
114
Neville Chamberlain
Prime Minister of Britain from 1937 to 1940, known for his role in appeasement
115
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
1939, agreement between Stalin and Hitler to not invade each other, Hitler now feels like he can take other lands
116
Blitzkrieg
German war tactic, "lightning war," very effective-took most of Europe this way, tanks supported by aircraft followed by army
117
Battle of Britain
1940-41, air battle for Britain (last free Allied European country), Royal Air Force has tech advantage with radar, Britain wins
118
Operation Barbarossa
1941, German land invasion of the Soviet Union, breaks Nazi-Soviet Pact and surprises Stalin, Soviets move factories and civilians out German reach
119
Pearl Harbor
Japanese bombing of the US military base in Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, the beginning of the US's involvement in WWII
120
Battle of Stalingrad
1942-43, largest battle in WWII, Hitler wanted to capture the oil rich region around the Black Sea and the industrial city, Soviets succeed
121
Holocaust
The genocide against Jews by Hitler and the Nazis during WWII, over 6 million Jews died, other minorities were also targeted
122
Ghettos/death camps
Camps set up by Hitler and the Nazis to imprison and "exterminate" Jews, political enemies, and others they deemed as dangerous to Germany, resulted in genocide
123
D-Day
Over 150k Allied troops cross the English Channel and land in Normandy (amphibious invasions), ready for land invasion of Germany
124
Japanese Imperialism
In the 20th century Japan tried to take over many territories in the Pacific in an attempt to compete with Western imperialist nations, wanted to kick Western governments out of Asia, Pan-Asianism--a sort of large scale nationalism
125
Rape of Nanking
Mass rape of Chinese citizens by Japanese soldiers during their invasion/occupation of the Chinese city of Nanking
126
Battle of Midway
US planes destroyed attacking Japanese ships, US established naval superiority in the Pacific, turning point in the Pacific
127
"Island Hopping"
The US/Allied strategy in the Pacific, seizing some islands (while leaving unuseful ones) working their way towards mainland Japan.
128
Hiroshima/Nagasaki
The two Japanese cities that the US dropped atomic bombs on to end WWII, forced Japan to surrender
129
Marshall Plan
US plan to rebuild Europe in the aftermath of WWII, in turn Europe participated in the American free market, hoped to also in aid in preventing the spread of communism, USSR refused aid
130
Truman Doctrine/Containment
The US policy with the goal of stopping the spread of communism, Domino Theory suggested that Communism would spread from nation to nation and the US was actively working to stop this
131
Iron Curtain
The divide between Western capitalist Europe and the communist Soviet Bloc, physically represented by the Berlin Wall
132
US vs USSR-ideological differences
capitalism vs communism, free democratic two party system vs authoritarian one party system
133
Proxy wars
outside nations providing funding and resources to nations engaged in war, indirectly fighting, many examples in the Cold War
134
M.A.D.-Mutually Assured Destruction
Both the US and USSR had atomic weapons, if one nation were to use them on the other they would face retaliation and both countries would face significant damage, prevented any physical conflicts in the Cold War
135
Berlin Wall 1989
The wall collapses in 1989, East German Communist Party decides people can cross the border and they do so in mass breaking down the wall as they go, marks the beginning of the end of the Soviet Bloc and the Cold War
136
Glasnost and Perestroika
reforms in the Soviet Union towards the end of the Cold War, opened up more, increased freedom of the press, moved towards capitalism, led to its fall
137
Decolonization
European Empires fell Post WWII, lost colonies in Asia and Africa, couldn't maintain them economically, European power and influence over the rest of the world decreases, colonized countries inspired to fight for independence (veterans returning from war, nationalism, Cold War politics, international support)
138
Chinese Nationalist Party (Guomindang)
In control before the revolution, have Western support, lose and flee to Taiwan
139
Communist Party of China (CCP)
Takes power in the Communist Revolution of 1949 and establish the People's Republic of China, led by Mao Zedong, one party system
140
Mao Ze Dong
Chairman of the CCP and leader of China for about 25 years, worshiped by the people, wrote the Little Red Book (his philosophies), portraits all over
141
The Great Leap Forward
1956-62, a time of rapid industrialization in China, everybody was expected to contribute, home steel factories in every village, many deaths to collectivization
142
Cultural Revolution
1966-72, time of getting rid of the old culture (the 4 olds), replaced with deep cultural devotion to China and Mao-Little Red Books, Red Guard (youth members), Maoism
