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Microbiology 260 Lecture > Final Exam Studying > Flashcards

Final Exam Studying Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The current system of nomenclature for organisms was established by

A

Linnaeus

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2
Q

Scientific nomenclature assigns each organism two names: the genus and the ___

A

Specific epithet

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3
Q

Bacteria that divide in multiple planes and form grapelike clusters are called ___

A

Staphylococci

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4
Q

In 1978, Carl Woese devised a system of classification that groups organisms into the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and ___

A

Eukarya

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5
Q 
Eukarya includes all of the following except \_\_\_
Viruses
Protists 
Fungi
Plants
A

Viruses

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6
Q

Robert Koch

A

Proved that bacteria can cause disease

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7
Q

Who discovered the structure of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

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8
Q

Robert Koch developed his postulates while identifying the cause of which disease?

A

Anthrax

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9
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

Discovered penicillin

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10
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Discovered the cause of fermentation

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11
Q

Joseph Lister is associated with

A

Aseptic surgery

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12
Q

Jenner is associated with

A

Vaccination

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13
Q

The process of using just enough heat to kill bacteria that cause spoilage was developed by ___

A

Pasteur

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14
Q

HIV destroys which type of immune cells?

A

T cells

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15
Q 
All of the following are natural human defenses against disease except \_\_\_
Interferon 
Penicillin 
Skin
Mucous membranes
A

Penicillin

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16
Q

Human disease caused by a prion is known as ___

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (mad cow disease)

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17
Q

Bioremediation is the use of microbes to ___

A

To clean up pollutants and toxic wastes

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18
Q

Biotechnology can best be defined as using living organisms to

A

Develop useful products

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19
Q

ONLY bacteria can convert which element into a form that is available to plants and animals?

A

Nitrogen

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20
Q

Who challenged the case for spontaneous generation with the concept of biogenesis?

A

Rudolf Virchow

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21
Q

Most ocular lenses magnify specimens by a factor of

A

10

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22
Q

The ability of the lenses to distinguish fine detail and structure is called

A

Resolution

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23
Q

Before microorganisms are stained, MOST appear ___ when viewed with brightfield microscopy

A

Colorless

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24
Q

Bacteria divide by

A

Binary fission

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25
Q

What is true for prokaryotes

A

They generally lack organelles

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26
Q

Histones

A

Proteins linked to DNA

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27
Q

Some bacteria stain gram-positive and others stain gram-negative because of differences in the structure of their __

A

Cell wall

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28
Q

Molecules of extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria are known as

A

Plasmids

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29
Q

The predominant fecal coliform is

A

Escherichia coli

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30
Q

The building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones is called

A

Anabolism

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31
Q

Inhibitors that fill the enzyme’s active site and compete with the normal substrate are

A

Competitive

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32
Q

The energy from catabolic reactions is used to produce

A

ATP

33
Q

A psychrophile has an optimal growth temperature of

A

15 degrees C

34
Q

Organisms that require high salt concentrations for growth are called

A

Obligate halophiles

35
Q

Which organism is killed by atmospheric oxygen?

A

Obligate anaerobate

36
Q

In which growth phase is there intense activity preparing for population growth, but no increase in population?

A

Lag phase

37
Q

Which type of medium suppresses the growth of unwanted bacteria and encourages growth of desired microbes?

A

Selective media

38
Q

Microbes that are introduced into a culture medium to initiate growth

A

Inoculum

39
Q

What is added to a medium when it is desirable to grow bacteria on a solid medium?

A

Agar

40
Q

A culture medium made of extracts from yeasts, meat, or plants is a ___ medium

A

Complex

41
Q

Starting with one bacterial cell, how many cells would you have after 10 generations?

A

1024 (exponential growth)

42
Q

The removal or destruction of ALL forms of microbial life is called

A

Sterilization

43
Q

To sterilize heat-sensitive solutions such as culture media, enzymes, and vaccines, one should use

A

Filtration

44
Q

A segment of DNA that codes for a functional product is a

A

Gene

45
Q

What are the small segments of DNA that can move from one region of a DNA molecule to another?

A

Plasmid

46
Q

Mobile genetic sequence that contains the genes for transposition as well as genes not related to transposition

A

Transposon

47
Q

Sequence of closely associated genes that includes both structural genes and regulatory sites that control transcription

A

Operons

48
Q

Prevent production of a particular protein by binding to and destroying the messenger RNA that would have produced the protein

A

microRNAs

49
Q

Recombinant DNA technology is also known as

A

Genetic engineering

50
Q

Mutagen is agent that increases rate of mutations

A

Mutagenesis

51
Q

Manipulation of small atoms and molecules

A

Nanotechnology

52
Q

Selective plant and animal breeding to get desired phenotypic traits

A

Artificial selection

53
Q

A DNA molecule that transports foreign DNA into a cell is called a

A

Vector

54
Q

What are the small segments of DNA that can move from one region of a DNA molecule to another?

A

Plasmid

55
Q

Mobile genetic sequence that contains the genes for transposition as well as genes not related to transposition

A

Transposon

56
Q

Sequence of closely associated genes that includes both structural genes and regulatory sites that control transcription

A

Operons

57
Q

Prevent production of a particular protein by binding to and destroying the messenger RNA that would have produced the protein

A

microRNAs

58
Q

Recombinant DNA technology is also known as

A

Genetic engineering

59
Q

Mutagen is agent that increases rate of mutations

A

Mutagenesis

60
Q

Manipulation of small atoms and molecules

A

Nanotechnology

61
Q

Selective plant and animal breeding to get desired phenotypic traits

A

Artificial selection

62
Q

A DNA molecule that transports foreign DNA into a cell is called a

A

Vector

63
Q

Which technique amplifies small samples of DNA to quantities that are large enough for analysis?

A

PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

64
Q

Process used to separate large molecules such as antigens or proteins by passing an electrical current through a sample on a gel

A

Electrophoresis

65
Q

Restriction enzymes (cut DNA at precise base sequences) are naturally produced by and isolated from

A

Bacteria

66
Q

What is not used in a PCR?

A

DNA polymerase

67
Q

Arthropods that carry pathogenic microorganisms are called

A

Vector

68
Q

No living substance capable of transmitting disease. Clothing, dishes, paper money

A

Fomite

69
Q

Viruses that infect bacteria

A

Bacteriophages

70
Q

Very small infectious particle consisting of protein without any nucleic acid

A

Prions

71
Q

Infectious RNA particle carrying plant diseases

A

Viroid

72
Q

Submicroscopic parasitic ascellular microorganism composed of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) core inside a protein coat

A

Virus

73
Q

Process by which antigens are coated with antibodies or complement proteins that enhance their phagocytosis

A

Agglutination

74
Q

IgG antibodies inactivate microbes by blocking their attachment to host cells in the process of

A

Neutralization

75
Q

Large lymphocytes differentiated from a B cell that synthesizes and releases antibodies like those on B cell surface

A

Plasma cells (formed after proliferation of B cells)

76
Q

A person who has measles will develop ___ immunity

A

Naturally acquired active

77
Q

Vaccines convey ___ immunity

A

Artificially acquired passive

78
Q

When most of the population is immune

A

Herd immunity

Microbiology 260 Lecture (7 decks)

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