Final Exam Studying Flashcards
The current system of nomenclature for organisms was established by
Linnaeus
Scientific nomenclature assigns each organism two names: the genus and the ___
Specific epithet
Bacteria that divide in multiple planes and form grapelike clusters are called ___
Staphylococci
In 1978, Carl Woese devised a system of classification that groups organisms into the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and ___
Eukarya
Eukarya includes all of the following except \_\_\_ Viruses Protists Fungi Plants
Viruses
Robert Koch
Proved that bacteria can cause disease
Who discovered the structure of DNA?
Watson and Crick
Robert Koch developed his postulates while identifying the cause of which disease?
Anthrax
Alexander Fleming
Discovered penicillin
Louis Pasteur
Discovered the cause of fermentation
Joseph Lister is associated with
Aseptic surgery
Jenner is associated with
Vaccination
The process of using just enough heat to kill bacteria that cause spoilage was developed by ___
Pasteur
HIV destroys which type of immune cells?
T cells
All of the following are natural human defenses against disease except \_\_\_ Interferon Penicillin Skin Mucous membranes
Penicillin
Human disease caused by a prion is known as ___
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (mad cow disease)
Bioremediation is the use of microbes to ___
To clean up pollutants and toxic wastes
Biotechnology can best be defined as using living organisms to
Develop useful products
ONLY bacteria can convert which element into a form that is available to plants and animals?
Nitrogen
Who challenged the case for spontaneous generation with the concept of biogenesis?
Rudolf Virchow
Most ocular lenses magnify specimens by a factor of
10
The ability of the lenses to distinguish fine detail and structure is called
Resolution
Before microorganisms are stained, MOST appear ___ when viewed with brightfield microscopy
Colorless
Bacteria divide by
Binary fission
What is true for prokaryotes
They generally lack organelles
Histones
Proteins linked to DNA
Some bacteria stain gram-positive and others stain gram-negative because of differences in the structure of their __
Cell wall
Molecules of extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria are known as
Plasmids
The predominant fecal coliform is
Escherichia coli
The building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones is called
Anabolism
Inhibitors that fill the enzyme’s active site and compete with the normal substrate are
Competitive
The energy from catabolic reactions is used to produce
ATP
A psychrophile has an optimal growth temperature of
15 degrees C
Organisms that require high salt concentrations for growth are called
Obligate halophiles
Which organism is killed by atmospheric oxygen?
Obligate anaerobate
In which growth phase is there intense activity preparing for population growth, but no increase in population?
Lag phase
Which type of medium suppresses the growth of unwanted bacteria and encourages growth of desired microbes?
Selective media
Microbes that are introduced into a culture medium to initiate growth
Inoculum
What is added to a medium when it is desirable to grow bacteria on a solid medium?
Agar
A culture medium made of extracts from yeasts, meat, or plants is a ___ medium
Complex
Starting with one bacterial cell, how many cells would you have after 10 generations?
1024 (exponential growth)
The removal or destruction of ALL forms of microbial life is called
Sterilization
To sterilize heat-sensitive solutions such as culture media, enzymes, and vaccines, one should use
Filtration
A segment of DNA that codes for a functional product is a
Gene
What are the small segments of DNA that can move from one region of a DNA molecule to another?
Plasmid
Mobile genetic sequence that contains the genes for transposition as well as genes not related to transposition
Transposon
Sequence of closely associated genes that includes both structural genes and regulatory sites that control transcription
Operons
Prevent production of a particular protein by binding to and destroying the messenger RNA that would have produced the protein
microRNAs
Recombinant DNA technology is also known as
Genetic engineering
Mutagen is agent that increases rate of mutations
Mutagenesis
Manipulation of small atoms and molecules
Nanotechnology
Selective plant and animal breeding to get desired phenotypic traits
Artificial selection
A DNA molecule that transports foreign DNA into a cell is called a
Vector
What are the small segments of DNA that can move from one region of a DNA molecule to another?
Plasmid
Mobile genetic sequence that contains the genes for transposition as well as genes not related to transposition
Transposon
Sequence of closely associated genes that includes both structural genes and regulatory sites that control transcription
Operons
Prevent production of a particular protein by binding to and destroying the messenger RNA that would have produced the protein
microRNAs
Recombinant DNA technology is also known as
Genetic engineering
Mutagen is agent that increases rate of mutations
Mutagenesis
Manipulation of small atoms and molecules
Nanotechnology
Selective plant and animal breeding to get desired phenotypic traits
Artificial selection
A DNA molecule that transports foreign DNA into a cell is called a
Vector
Which technique amplifies small samples of DNA to quantities that are large enough for analysis?
PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
Process used to separate large molecules such as antigens or proteins by passing an electrical current through a sample on a gel
Electrophoresis
Restriction enzymes (cut DNA at precise base sequences) are naturally produced by and isolated from
Bacteria
What is not used in a PCR?
DNA polymerase
Arthropods that carry pathogenic microorganisms are called
Vector
No living substance capable of transmitting disease. Clothing, dishes, paper money
Fomite
Viruses that infect bacteria
Bacteriophages
Very small infectious particle consisting of protein without any nucleic acid
Prions
Infectious RNA particle carrying plant diseases
Viroid
Submicroscopic parasitic ascellular microorganism composed of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) core inside a protein coat
Virus
Process by which antigens are coated with antibodies or complement proteins that enhance their phagocytosis
Agglutination
IgG antibodies inactivate microbes by blocking their attachment to host cells in the process of
Neutralization
Large lymphocytes differentiated from a B cell that synthesizes and releases antibodies like those on B cell surface
Plasma cells (formed after proliferation of B cells)
A person who has measles will develop ___ immunity
Naturally acquired active
Vaccines convey ___ immunity
Artificially acquired passive
When most of the population is immune
Herd immunity
