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Bot Med II > Final Exam Study Guide Review ?s > Flashcards

Final Exam Study Guide Review ?s Flashcards

1
Q

What is the effect of a bitter on the GI tract?

A

Increase acid secretion, saliva, Ghrelin, CCK, gut motility

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2
Q

What type of compound are the bitter principles in gentiana lutea?

A

secoiridoid glycoside

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3
Q

What type of compound is, in large part, responsible for the antispasmodic action of carminative herbs?

A

volatile oils (monoterpenes)

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4
Q

What purpose do astringent herbs serve? What are some examples of conditions treated with demulcent herbs?

A

Calm/soothe irritated/inflamed membranes

Sore throat, gastritis, IBS

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5
Q

What is a major indication of Genitana lutea?

A

Gentian

stimulate digestion, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, cholagogue

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6
Q

What is a major indication for Zingiber off?

A

Ginger

warming, anti-emetic, diaphoretic, diuretic, increasing circulation (centrally)

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7
Q

What is a major indication for Foeniculum vulgare? (GI)

A

Fennel

promotes lactation, relieves flatulence, bloating

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8
Q

What is a major indication for Citrus sinensis?

A

Bitter orange

dyspepsia, loss of appetite

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9
Q

What is a major indication for Matricaria recutita?

A

Chamomile

anti-emetic, nervine, bitter, carminative

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10
Q

What is a major indication for Geranium maculatum?

A

geranium

astringent, part of Roberts formula for IBS, chronic diarrhea

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11
Q

What is a major indication for Rumex crispus?

A

yellow dock

nutritive, strong astringent, leaky gut, patients going on a new diet

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12
Q

What is the difference between a laxative, a purgative and a cathartic?

A

laxative: mild
purgative: moderate
Cathartic: severe, coming out both ends

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13
Q

What is the primary type of constituent responsible for the action of the purgative/cathartic herbs?

A

Anthraquinone glycosides

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14
Q

What are the uses of the outer leaf and inner gel of Aloe vera?

A

Outer: strong irritant laxative (resin)
Inner: demulcent, soothing, cool, moist, anti-inflammatory with immunomodulating polysaccharides, bulking

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15
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Linum usitatissimum?

A 
Flaxseed
constipation (increase stool bulk), nutritive, colon damage, gastritis/enteritis
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16
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Plantago spp?

A

Psyllium husk

chronic constipation, fissures, hemorrhoids, pregnancy, hyperlipidemia

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17
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Aloe spp?

A

constipation (outer leaf= irritatnt laxative”

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18
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Rhamnus purshiana?

A

bearberry

constipation, atonic bowels with chronic hemorrhoids

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19
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Cassia senna?

A

senna

irritant laxative

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20
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Aesculus hippocastinum?

A

horse chestnut

blunt traumas, hematomas, hemorrhoids

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21
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Ruscus aculeatus?

A

Butcher’s broom

hemorrhoids (OK IN PREGNANCY)

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22
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Collinsonia canadensis?

A

stone root

constriction in throat/rectum, congestion

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23
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Hamamelis virginiana?

A

Witch hazel

venous debility, pale mucous tissues (hemorroids)

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24
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Agrimonia eupatoria?

A

Agrimony

astringent and anti-microbial, mental tension/caught in a bind

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25
Q

What is the definition of an expectorant?

A

to facilitate the removal of respiratory secretions from the trachea and bronchial tree (eg. resins)

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26
Q

What is the definition of an antitussive?

A

decreases the frequency of a cough

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27
Q

What is the definition of a demulcent?

A

soothes mucous membranes

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28
Q

Which plants have pyrrolizidine alkaloids?

A

Petastis hybridus, Tussilago farfara

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29
Q

Why do we use herbs to treat a cough?

A

Non-productive, inhibiting healing

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30
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Urtica dioica?

A

nettles
ALLERGIC RHINOSINUSITIS
Low BP, hair loss, mucus, diarrhea, swelling, anemia of pregnancy, arthritis

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31
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Euphrasia off.?

A

Eyebright
ALLERGIC RHINOSINUSITIS
decongestant, conjunctivitis, watery discharge

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32
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Petasites hybridis?

A

butterbur

ALLERGIC RHINOSINUSITIS with HA

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33
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Foeniculum vulgare (resp)? (what kind of cough?)

A

fennel

tight/spastic coughs, asthma (w/ Grindelia)

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34
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Ammi visnaga? (resp)

A

Khella

tight/spastic coughs, asthma, bronchodilator, antitussive

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35
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Coleus forkolii (resp)?

A

increase intracellular cAMP

relaxes smooth muscle

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36
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Ephedra sinica?

A

ma huang
alpha/beta adrenergic agonist, increases NE, decongestant, antitussive, bronchodilator, increases HR, diaphoretic, diuretic (LOW DOSE HERB- WARNING)

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37
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Datura stramonium? (resp)

A

Jimson weed
Purely spasmodic asthma
TOXIC tropane alkaloids- low dose only

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38
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Thymus vulgaris? (resp)

A

thyme

wet coughs

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39
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Amoracia rusticana? (resp)

A

horseradish

decongestant, diaphoretic, mucolytic

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40
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Salvia off (resp)?

A

sage

wet coughs

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41
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Hyssopus off (resp)?

A

hyssop

wet coughs, antitussive, antimicrobial

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42
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Ligusticum porter (resp)?

A

osha
BRONCHITIS cold/flu, sore throat,
Throat/Upper Lungs

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43
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Inula helenium (resp)?

A

horse-heal/marchalan
DEEP LUNG
irritating bronchial coughs, antimicrobial

44
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Grindelia spp (resp)?

A

curlycup gumweed

asthma (w/fennel) , persistent/spasmodic coughs, upper lungs

45
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Prunus serotina (resp)?

A

cherry bark

antitussive, expectorant, antispasmodic, astringent, bitter

46
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Verbascum Thapsus (resp)?

A

mullein

dry cough, anodyne, expectorant

47
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Glycyrrhiza glabra (resp)?

A

soothes mucus membranes, dry cough

48
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Tussilago farfara (resp)?

A

coltsfoot

dry/spasmodic cough, recovery from smoking, emphysema (pyrr.alkaloids)

49
Q

What are some herbs that might support the host during and infection?

A

Echinacea, Astragalus, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Schisandra chinensis, Eleutherococcus

50
Q

What are some herbs that might kill a microbe during an infection?

A

Mahonia, Allium sativum (spares lactobacillus), Thymus vulagaris, Melissa off., Juglans nigra, Achillea millefolium, Artemesia, Hydrastis canadensis, Lomatium dissectum, Inula helenium, Juniperus communis

51
Q

What is the strategy for infectious disease naturopathic treatment?

A 
kill microbes (obstacle to cure)
support the host: establish foundations of health, stimulate the vis, support organ systems, correct structural integrity
52
Q

What is the purpose of using a synergist in treating infectious diseases?

A

activates antimicrobials, direct

53
Q

What is the purpose of using a lymphagogue in treating infectious disease?

A

move the waste, help the body “clean up” the infection

54
Q

What is the purpose of using and immunomodulator in treating infectious disease?

A

enhance immune function

55
Q

Which herbs contain berberine?

A

Mahonia, Hydrastis canadensis, Berberis

56
Q

What are the elements of the HEMP formula? What are some alternatives?

A

H-Hydrastis (Mahonia alt)
E- Echinacea (Astragalus alt)
M- Myrrh (Clove alt)
P- Phytolacca (Galium alt)

57
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Potentilla tormentilla?

A

tormentil/ septfoil

watery diarrhea, passive hemorrhage, astringent

58
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Urtica dioica?

A

nettle

chronic diarrhea with large mucus evacuations

59
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Hydrastis canadensis?

A

goldenseal

antimicrobial, GI infection

60
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Mahonia spp?

A

oregon grape

antimicrobial, GI infection

61
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Sambucus nigra?

A

elderberry

respiratory infections

62
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Eupatorium perfoliatum?

A

boneset

influenza with aching bones, fever, chills

63
Q

For what urinary conditions is it indicated to use a diuretic?

A

increase flow, toxin elimination (infections, toxicity)

eg. achillea, apium, uva ursi, equisetum, galium, juniperus, petroslinum, taraxacum, zea, solidago

64
Q

When might it be indicated to use a urinary astringent?

A

loose/atonic system (losing protein, glucose, edema)

eg. uva ursi, chimaphilla, agrimonia

65
Q

When might it be indicated to use a urinary demulcent?

A

irritation if the urinary tract (UTI, cystitis, dysuria)

66
Q

When might it be indicated to use a urinary anti-inflammatory?

A

Inflammation (UTI, dysuria, stones)

eg. cranberry, achillea, zingiber, eupatorium

67
Q

What are the indications/contraindications with the treatment of acute cystitis?

A

If suspect pyelonephritis, use antibiotics to avoid renal failure

68
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Uva-ursi?

A

bearberry/upland cranberry
bloody mucus secretions, weight in the loins not dt prostatic irritation, relaxed urinary tract
chronic bladder irritation, UTI (acid urine esp; note that pseudomonas and proteus infx form alkaline urine and may not be indicated)

69
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Chimaphila umbellate?

A

pipsi/ pipsissewa
mild urinary sx, prostate drainage, lymphatic draining
kidney, lymph drainage- improves excretion, d/c
flushing cheeks, accelerated pulse, heated, ascites, edema….
(better for long-term use than uva ursi)

70
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Zea mays?

A

corn husk
UTI, urinary stones, edema, enuresis, prostatitis
gentle diuretic, relieve irritation, dissolves stones
demulcent, diuretic, anodyne, mucilaginous
Cautions: coumadin interactions, hypoglycemic effect
moistening, nourishing, cool, stimulating, good in children

71
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Equisetum spp?

A

Horsetail
cystic irritation, tenesmic urging to urinate, renal calculi
hemostatic, diuretic, astringent, anti-inflammatory
repairs CT, tissue, arthritis, releases old pus…

72
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Vaccinum macrocarpon

A

cranberry
preventative for UTIs (esp E.coli), decrease stone formation, antibacterial,
Caution: warfarin interaction, high in oxalates, added sugar

73
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Juniperus communis?

A

Juniper
chronic urinary inflammation, atonic, congestion, edema
renal insufficiency, nephritis…
carminative, antiseptic, diuretic

74
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Solidago spp?

A

goldenrod
inflammation, renal gravel, bacterial infections, UTIs
anti-catarrhal, antiinflammatory, anti-microbial, astringent, diaphoretic, aquaretic

75
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Serenoa repens?

A

saw palmetto

BPH**, male-pattern baldness, chronic prostatis, prostate cancer, spasms in urethra

76
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Urtica dioica (men)?

A

nettles

BPH, anti-prostatic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic

77
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Epilobium parvifolium?

A

small-flowered willow herb

BPH

78
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Chimphila umbellate (men)?

A

pipsi

removes stagnant lymph, swollen glands, BPH

79
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Solidago spp?

A

goldenrod

UTI, renal gravel

80
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Opuntia spp?

A

prickly pear

BPH

81
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Punica granatum?

A

pomegranate

antioxidant, nutritive

82
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Hippophae rhmanodies

A

sea buckthorn

DECREASED LIBIDO, antioxidant, tonic

83
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Tribulus terestris?

A

bindii, devil’s weed

tonic, aphrodesiac, androgenic, estrogenic, INFERTILITY

84
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Lepidum myenii?

A

maca

adaptogen, improves endurance and stamina, aphrodisiacal tonic

85
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Avena sativa?

A

wild oat

anti-depressant, adrenal and nerve tonic, sexual tonic

86
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Epimedium sagittatum?

A

horny goat weed

strengthen yang, enhances libido

87
Q

Define a phytoestrogen

A

substances that bind to and weakly stimulate estrogen receptors

88
Q

Are all herbs with an estrogenic effect phytoestrogens?

A

No, phytoesterogens act on the estrogenic receptor. other herbs can have estrogenic effects without stimulating the receptor directly

89
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Vitex agnus castus?

A

chasteberry

perimenopausal Sxs, PMS, fertility, oligomenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, acne, endometriosis, fibroids, mastalgia, prolactinoma

90
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Actea racemosa?

A

black cohosh

perimenopausal symptoms, dysmenorrhea (w/ low back pain), oligomenorrhea, depression

91
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Angelica sinensis?

A

female ginseng

dysmenorrhea, irregular menses, pain due to pelvic congestion

92
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Viburnum opulus?

A

cramp bark

dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, broncho-constriction, muscle spasm

93
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Lepidum meyenii?

A

maca

perimenopausal symptoms, andropause, low libido, “adrenal fatigue” (adaptogenic)

94
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Rheum rhaponticum?

A

false rhubarb

depression, anxiety associated with menopause

95
Q

What is a major indication for the use of discorea villosa?

A

spasmodic pain, HA, hormone balance (proestrogenic effect)

96
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Alchemilla vulgaris?

A

lady’s mantle

atonic conditions, prolapse, menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea

97
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Caulophyllum thalictroides?

A

blue cohosh

spasmodic menstrual cramps, amenorrhea, partus preparator

98
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Lycopus virginicus?

A

bugleweed

Hyperthyroidism

99
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Leonurus cardiaca?

A

motherwort

hyperthyroidism with anxiety, tension, delayed menses, menopausal symptoms

100
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Melissa officinalis?

A

Lemon balm

hyperthryoidism with anxiety, palpitations, HA, depression, insomnia

101
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Iris versicolor?

A

blue flag

hypothyroidism low-dose short-term herb (irritates GI)

102
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Withania somnifera?

A

ashwaghanda

hypothyroidism with fatigue, insomnia, chronic inflammation

103
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Comiphora mukul?

A

gugul resin

hypothyroidism, hyperlipidemia, increases Iodine uptake

104
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Coleus forskolii?

A

hypothyroidism with HTN, bronchoconstriction, muscle tension

105
Q

What is a major indication for the use of Fucus vesiculosis?

A

bladderwack

hypothyroidism, nutrient source of iodine

Bot Med II (3 decks)

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