Final Exam Study Guide Review ?s Flashcards
1
Q
What is the effect of a bitter on the GI tract?
A
Increase acid secretion, saliva, Ghrelin, CCK, gut motility
2
Q
What type of compound are the bitter principles in gentiana lutea?
A
secoiridoid glycoside
3
Q
What type of compound is, in large part, responsible for the antispasmodic action of carminative herbs?
A
volatile oils (monoterpenes)
4
Q
What purpose do astringent herbs serve? What are some examples of conditions treated with demulcent herbs?
A
Calm/soothe irritated/inflamed membranes
Sore throat, gastritis, IBS
5
Q
What is a major indication of Genitana lutea?
A
Gentian
stimulate digestion, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, cholagogue
6
Q
What is a major indication for Zingiber off?
A
Ginger
warming, anti-emetic, diaphoretic, diuretic, increasing circulation (centrally)
7
Q
What is a major indication for Foeniculum vulgare? (GI)
A
Fennel
promotes lactation, relieves flatulence, bloating
8
Q
What is a major indication for Citrus sinensis?
A
Bitter orange
dyspepsia, loss of appetite
9
Q
What is a major indication for Matricaria recutita?
A
Chamomile
anti-emetic, nervine, bitter, carminative
10
Q
What is a major indication for Geranium maculatum?
A
geranium
astringent, part of Roberts formula for IBS, chronic diarrhea
11
Q
What is a major indication for Rumex crispus?
A
yellow dock
nutritive, strong astringent, leaky gut, patients going on a new diet
12
Q
What is the difference between a laxative, a purgative and a cathartic?
A
laxative: mild
purgative: moderate
Cathartic: severe, coming out both ends
13
Q
What is the primary type of constituent responsible for the action of the purgative/cathartic herbs?
A
Anthraquinone glycosides
14
Q
What are the uses of the outer leaf and inner gel of Aloe vera?
A
Outer: strong irritant laxative (resin)
Inner: demulcent, soothing, cool, moist, anti-inflammatory with immunomodulating polysaccharides, bulking
15
Q
What is a major indication for the use of Linum usitatissimum?
A
Flaxseed constipation (increase stool bulk), nutritive, colon damage, gastritis/enteritis
16
Q
What is a major indication for the use of Plantago spp?
A
Psyllium husk
chronic constipation, fissures, hemorrhoids, pregnancy, hyperlipidemia
17
Q
What is a major indication for the use of Aloe spp?
A
constipation (outer leaf= irritatnt laxative”
18
Q
What is a major indication for the use of Rhamnus purshiana?
A
bearberry
constipation, atonic bowels with chronic hemorrhoids
19
Q
What is a major indication for the use of Cassia senna?
A
senna
irritant laxative
20
Q
What is a major indication for the use of Aesculus hippocastinum?
A
horse chestnut
blunt traumas, hematomas, hemorrhoids
21
Q
What is a major indication for the use of Ruscus aculeatus?
A
Butcher’s broom
hemorrhoids (OK IN PREGNANCY)
22
Q
What is a major indication for the use of Collinsonia canadensis?
A
stone root
constriction in throat/rectum, congestion
23
Q
What is a major indication for the use of Hamamelis virginiana?
A
Witch hazel
venous debility, pale mucous tissues (hemorroids)
24
Q
What is a major indication for the use of Agrimonia eupatoria?
A
Agrimony
astringent and anti-microbial, mental tension/caught in a bind
25
What is the definition of an expectorant?
to facilitate the removal of respiratory secretions from the trachea and bronchial tree (eg. resins)
26
What is the definition of an antitussive?
decreases the frequency of a cough
27
What is the definition of a demulcent?
soothes mucous membranes
28
Which plants have pyrrolizidine alkaloids?
Petastis hybridus, Tussilago farfara
29
Why do we use herbs to treat a cough?
Non-productive, inhibiting healing
30
What is a major indication for the use of Urtica dioica?
nettles
ALLERGIC RHINOSINUSITIS
Low BP, hair loss, mucus, diarrhea, swelling, anemia of pregnancy, arthritis
31
What is a major indication for the use of Euphrasia off.?
Eyebright
ALLERGIC RHINOSINUSITIS
decongestant, conjunctivitis, watery discharge
32
What is a major indication for the use of Petasites hybridis?
butterbur
| ALLERGIC RHINOSINUSITIS with HA
33
What is a major indication for the use of Foeniculum vulgare (resp)? (what kind of cough?)
fennel
| tight/spastic coughs, asthma (w/ Grindelia)
34
What is a major indication for the use of Ammi visnaga? (resp)
Khella
| tight/spastic coughs, asthma, bronchodilator, antitussive
35
What is a major indication for the use of Coleus forkolii (resp)?
increase intracellular cAMP
| relaxes smooth muscle
36
What is a major indication for the use of Ephedra sinica?
ma huang
alpha/beta adrenergic agonist, increases NE, decongestant, antitussive, bronchodilator, increases HR, diaphoretic, diuretic (LOW DOSE HERB- WARNING)
37
What is a major indication for the use of Datura stramonium? (resp)
Jimson weed
Purely spasmodic asthma
*TOXIC* tropane alkaloids- low dose only
38
What is a major indication for the use of Thymus vulgaris? (resp)
thyme
| wet coughs
39
What is a major indication for the use of Amoracia rusticana? (resp)
horseradish
| decongestant, diaphoretic, mucolytic
40
What is a major indication for the use of Salvia off (resp)?
sage
| wet coughs
41
What is a major indication for the use of Hyssopus off (resp)?
hyssop
| wet coughs, antitussive, antimicrobial
42
What is a major indication for the use of Ligusticum porter (resp)?
osha
BRONCHITIS cold/flu, sore throat,
*Throat/Upper Lungs*
43
What is a major indication for the use of Inula helenium (resp)?
horse-heal/marchalan
DEEP LUNG
irritating bronchial coughs, antimicrobial
44
What is a major indication for the use of Grindelia spp (resp)?
curlycup gumweed
| asthma (w/fennel) , persistent/spasmodic coughs, upper lungs
45
What is a major indication for the use of Prunus serotina (resp)?
cherry bark
| antitussive, expectorant, antispasmodic, astringent, bitter
46
What is a major indication for the use of Verbascum Thapsus (resp)?
mullein
| dry cough, anodyne, expectorant
47
What is a major indication for the use of Glycyrrhiza glabra (resp)?
soothes mucus membranes, dry cough
48
What is a major indication for the use of Tussilago farfara (resp)?
coltsfoot
| dry/spasmodic cough, *recovery from smoking*, emphysema (*pyrr.alkaloids*)
49
What are some herbs that might support the host during and infection?
Echinacea, Astragalus, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Schisandra chinensis, Eleutherococcus
50
What are some herbs that might kill a microbe during an infection?
Mahonia, Allium sativum (spares lactobacillus), Thymus vulagaris, Melissa off., Juglans nigra, Achillea millefolium, Artemesia, Hydrastis canadensis, Lomatium dissectum, Inula helenium, Juniperus communis
51
What is the strategy for infectious disease naturopathic treatment?
```
kill microbes (obstacle to cure)
support the host: establish foundations of health, stimulate the vis, support organ systems, correct structural integrity
```
52
What is the purpose of using a synergist in treating infectious diseases?
activates antimicrobials, direct
53
What is the purpose of using a lymphagogue in treating infectious disease?
move the waste, help the body "clean up" the infection
54
What is the purpose of using and immunomodulator in treating infectious disease?
enhance immune function
55
Which herbs contain berberine?
Mahonia, Hydrastis canadensis, Berberis
56
What are the elements of the HEMP formula? What are some alternatives?
H-Hydrastis (Mahonia alt)
E- Echinacea (Astragalus alt)
M- Myrrh (Clove alt)
P- Phytolacca (Galium alt)
57
What is a major indication for the use of Potentilla tormentilla?
tormentil/ septfoil
| watery diarrhea, passive hemorrhage, astringent
58
What is a major indication for the use of Urtica dioica?
nettle
| chronic diarrhea with large mucus evacuations
59
What is a major indication for the use of Hydrastis canadensis?
goldenseal
| antimicrobial, GI infection
60
What is a major indication for the use of Mahonia spp?
oregon grape
| antimicrobial, GI infection
61
What is a major indication for the use of Sambucus nigra?
elderberry
| respiratory infections
62
What is a major indication for the use of Eupatorium perfoliatum?
boneset
| influenza with aching bones, fever, chills
63
For what urinary conditions is it indicated to use a diuretic?
increase flow, toxin elimination (infections, toxicity)
| eg. achillea, apium, uva ursi, equisetum, galium, juniperus, petroslinum, taraxacum, zea, solidago
64
When might it be indicated to use a urinary astringent?
loose/atonic system (losing protein, glucose, edema)
| eg. uva ursi, chimaphilla, agrimonia
65
When might it be indicated to use a urinary demulcent?
irritation if the urinary tract (UTI, cystitis, dysuria)
66
When might it be indicated to use a urinary anti-inflammatory?
Inflammation (UTI, dysuria, stones)
| eg. cranberry, achillea, zingiber, eupatorium
67
What are the indications/contraindications with the treatment of acute cystitis?
If suspect pyelonephritis, use antibiotics to avoid renal failure
68
What is a major indication for the use of Uva-ursi?
bearberry/upland cranberry
bloody mucus secretions, weight in the loins not dt prostatic irritation, relaxed urinary tract
chronic bladder irritation, UTI (acid urine esp; note that pseudomonas and proteus infx form alkaline urine and may not be indicated)
69
What is a major indication for the use of Chimaphila umbellate?
pipsi/ pipsissewa
mild urinary sx, prostate drainage, lymphatic draining
kidney, lymph drainage- improves excretion, d/c
flushing cheeks, accelerated pulse, heated, ascites, edema....
(better for long-term use than uva ursi)
70
What is a major indication for the use of Zea mays?
corn husk
UTI, urinary stones, edema, enuresis, prostatitis
gentle diuretic, relieve irritation, dissolves stones
demulcent, diuretic, anodyne, mucilaginous
Cautions: coumadin interactions, hypoglycemic effect
moistening, nourishing, cool, stimulating, good in children
71
What is a major indication for the use of Equisetum spp?
Horsetail
cystic irritation, tenesmic urging to urinate, renal calculi
hemostatic, diuretic, astringent, anti-inflammatory
repairs CT, tissue, arthritis, releases old pus...
72
What is a major indication for the use of Vaccinum macrocarpon
cranberry
preventative for UTIs (esp E.coli), decrease stone formation, antibacterial,
Caution: warfarin interaction, high in oxalates, added sugar
73
What is a major indication for the use of Juniperus communis?
Juniper
chronic urinary inflammation, atonic, congestion, edema
renal insufficiency, nephritis...
carminative, antiseptic, diuretic
74
What is a major indication for the use of Solidago spp?
goldenrod
inflammation, renal gravel, bacterial infections, UTIs
anti-catarrhal, antiinflammatory, anti-microbial, astringent, diaphoretic, aquaretic
75
What is a major indication for the use of Serenoa repens?
saw palmetto
| BPH**, male-pattern baldness, chronic prostatis, prostate cancer, spasms in urethra
76
What is a major indication for the use of Urtica dioica (men)?
nettles
| BPH, anti-prostatic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic
77
What is a major indication for the use of Epilobium parvifolium?
small-flowered willow herb
| BPH
78
What is a major indication for the use of Chimphila umbellate (men)?
pipsi
| removes stagnant lymph, swollen glands, BPH
79
What is a major indication for the use of Solidago spp?
goldenrod
| UTI, renal gravel
80
What is a major indication for the use of Opuntia spp?
prickly pear
| BPH
81
What is a major indication for the use of Punica granatum?
pomegranate
| antioxidant, nutritive
82
What is a major indication for the use of Hippophae rhmanodies
sea buckthorn
| DECREASED LIBIDO, antioxidant, tonic
83
What is a major indication for the use of Tribulus terestris?
bindii, devil's weed
| tonic, aphrodesiac, androgenic, estrogenic, INFERTILITY
84
What is a major indication for the use of Lepidum myenii?
maca
| adaptogen, improves endurance and stamina, aphrodisiacal tonic
85
What is a major indication for the use of Avena sativa?
wild oat
| anti-depressant, adrenal and nerve tonic, sexual tonic
86
What is a major indication for the use of Epimedium sagittatum?
horny goat weed
| strengthen yang, enhances libido
87
Define a phytoestrogen
substances that bind to and weakly stimulate estrogen receptors
88
Are all herbs with an estrogenic effect phytoestrogens?
No, phytoesterogens act on the estrogenic receptor. other herbs can have estrogenic effects without stimulating the receptor directly
89
What is a major indication for the use of Vitex agnus castus?
chasteberry
| perimenopausal Sxs, PMS, fertility, oligomenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, acne, endometriosis, fibroids, mastalgia, prolactinoma
90
What is a major indication for the use of Actea racemosa?
black cohosh
| perimenopausal symptoms, dysmenorrhea (w/ low back pain), oligomenorrhea, depression
91
What is a major indication for the use of Angelica sinensis?
female ginseng
| dysmenorrhea, irregular menses, pain due to pelvic congestion
92
What is a major indication for the use of Viburnum opulus?
cramp bark
| dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, broncho-constriction, muscle spasm
93
What is a major indication for the use of Lepidum meyenii?
maca
| perimenopausal symptoms, andropause, low libido, "adrenal fatigue" (adaptogenic)
94
What is a major indication for the use of Rheum rhaponticum?
false rhubarb
| depression, anxiety associated with menopause
95
What is a major indication for the use of discorea villosa?
spasmodic pain, HA, hormone balance (proestrogenic effect)
96
What is a major indication for the use of Alchemilla vulgaris?
lady's mantle
| atonic conditions, prolapse, menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea
97
What is a major indication for the use of Caulophyllum thalictroides?
blue cohosh
| spasmodic menstrual cramps, amenorrhea, partus preparator
98
What is a major indication for the use of Lycopus virginicus?
bugleweed
| Hyperthyroidism
99
What is a major indication for the use of Leonurus cardiaca?
motherwort
| hyperthyroidism with anxiety, tension, delayed menses, menopausal symptoms
100
What is a major indication for the use of Melissa officinalis?
Lemon balm
| hyperthryoidism with anxiety, palpitations, HA, depression, insomnia
101
What is a major indication for the use of Iris versicolor?
blue flag
| hypothyroidism *low-dose short-term herb (irritates GI)*
102
What is a major indication for the use of Withania somnifera?
ashwaghanda
| hypothyroidism with fatigue, insomnia, chronic inflammation
103
What is a major indication for the use of Comiphora mukul?
gugul resin
| hypothyroidism, hyperlipidemia, increases Iodine uptake
104
What is a major indication for the use of Coleus forskolii?
hypothyroidism with HTN, bronchoconstriction, muscle tension
105
What is a major indication for the use of Fucus vesiculosis?
bladderwack
| hypothyroidism, nutrient source of iodine
