Final Exam study flash cards
Granulation
The process of fusing metal balls together by hammering them into one flat sheet.
repouse
Takes flat sheet of metal and create a relief by pressing at or hammering the reverse. pushing it out to produce a positive image.
Tumulus tomb
Designed as a mosoleum or a house for ones family to live in the afterlife. Its designed tpo reflect the domestic archetecture and structures of those that are living. Looking like small huts or earthen mounds.
charun
Generic word for the psychpompoi who deliver dead across th river sticks int he Greek religion. Its a figure that helps transition souls from the land of the living to the land of the dead. So they are ushered into the underworld.
ad locutio pose
The geture of an orator, has he is rasing his hand to adress a crowd showing that these are interactive sculptures
Amphitheatre
Theature is invented by the Greeks and the Romans ut two theaters together back to back to create a amphitheatre. It provides a 360 view around the arena.
The Cavea – the seated section
It would have been air conditioned with a Valerium - a retractable roof or awning.
Roman Household
Similar layout for everyone. Begin by walking through the atrium or foyer,
Cubicula are bedrooms
Impluvium - basin for rainwater
tablinum - home office
triclinium - dining room
anda. parastyle garden
Barrel Vault
Roman concrete inventions can make wider range of structures. An arch continued along an access until it is an interior space.
Groin vault
Two barrel vaults back to back. Made of concrete.
Fenestrated sequence of groin vaults
There are windows in the second section - made up of groin vaults. Made of concrete.
Hemispherical dome with oculus
Pantheon - made of conrete. Has the hole on top. Made in Rome.
Revetment
On roman monuments - which is where a more expensive material over a less expensive one. Such as puting a shin sheet of marble over concrete or brick.
Eclecticism
The Roman penchant for adopting characteristics from a variety of sources and combining them into something new. I.E. Greek inspiration for monuments or sculptures.
Pseudo- peripteral
Temple of Portunus is an example. A temple that does not have free standing columns on each side. And has one entryway indicated much like the etruscans - before the romans. And is differnt than the Greek nPeripteral temple which has free standing columns all around.
Tholos temple
A circular temple generally dedicated and reserved for female deities. in rome most commonly for Vesta - roman versio of the Greek Hestia.
Verism
Blunt or exagerated effects of aging shown on a portrait where men of age are going to hold power in the senate - Rebupblican virtutes are reflected in an aged male.
Picture Window
Invented by the Romans - Idea that behind a surface there is an infinite space and we are looking through an imaginative window. There are two sapces to showcase space one is intuitive perspective and the other is atmospheric perspective.
Intuitive perspective
Good for picture window paintings, good for cityscapes as it shows where parallel lines will converge in the distance or appear to.
Atmospheric perspective
Suggested depth and distance by way of desaturation of color and the blurring of detail in paintings or murals.
Classical Greek Temple front
Maade up of columns that support an entableture which is the horizontal element, which is often decorated that supports an empediment which is the triangular section of top.
damnatio memoriae
Damnation of memory, the process of removing an unpopular ruler or figure from history. Earsing them from the history books and marking them out of major references, carving facies off of monuments,
Spolia
Use building materials that are spoils of war indicating your cultrural superiority over your enemy.
Portrait of the four tetrarchs from Constantinople, ca. 305 CE. in Venice.
Late Antique style
practiced in the late Empire and is anti-naturalistic or iconic, often having forward facing unnatural figures that heraldic and heiratic features.
Basilica
Roman public forum or law court. found throughout the roman empire. All have a similarly set up structure. You would enter through the narthex, apse in the very front, and more.
Plan of the Baths of Caracalla
Rome Italy, 212-216 CE. There is Warm water - or tepidarium, hot caldarium, and cold grigidarium.
Early Empire Roman Portrait of Augustus as general ca. 20 BCE
Aged man with exaggerated effects of aging. A Portrait produced in Republican Rome. Which vinerated or upheald these qualities associated with age and older men ruled.
What is the significance of this work?
From the Aurelion tradition, we have a psychological portrait that provides insight into the emotional understanding of an emperor. He looks over his shoulder anxiously and scowls with a closely cropped hair cut simialr to a solider. He assocats and endears himself to soldiers. We have an appropriate late imperial portrait.
Portrait head of an Elder 80 BCE. republican example, which values the qualities assoacited with loyalty. In architecture there is the emerganc eof psudo pheripheral temples that are enters at one direction.
Fourth Style wall painting in the Ixion room 9triclinium P) of the House of Vettii Pompeii Italy. 70-79 CE. In the Earlier Imperial period there is the 4th style of wall painting that brings togetehr illusionism and fantastical imagery of the previous 3 styles of wall paitning.
Portrait of a roman general from the sanctuary of hercules tivoli italy 75 - 50 BCE. Republican portrait - an aged face on an ideal body.
Youthful and idealized statue - showing he is descended from a god. Portrait of Augustus as general, from Primaporta, Italy. Copy of a bronze original of ca. 20 BCE.
Idealized approach that removes flaws. Shows them not aging over the course of their lives as they are descended from royalty and divinity.
Portrait bust of Livia from Arinow Egypt early 1st century CE. and Augustus wearing the corona civica early 1st century CE.
Portrait of a flavian woman ca. 90 CE and Portrait bust of Livia from Arsinow, Egypt early 1st cntury CE. Both have the idealized youthful look.
Procession of the imperial family, detail of the south frieze of the Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, Italy 13-9 BCE mable. There is a revival of classical greek art under Augustus.
In the late antique period, there begins to be a rejection of classical features in art. Loss of ground plane and idealized figures.
Apotheosis of Antoninus Pius and Faustina, pedestal of the Calumn of Antoninus Pius, Rome, Italy. ca. 161 CE. Marble.
Late antque period - loss of ground plane. Ther is an anti-naturalistic style. Chariot procession of Septimius Severus, relief from the Arch of Septimius Severus, Lepcis Magna, Libya 203 CE Marble.
portraits from late antiquity. There is a psychological anxiety and intensity seen in the art and the peoples emotions. Gives us insight into the emotional state of the figure at this time. Portrait bust of Trajan Decius 249-251 Ce and Head of Caracalla ca 211-217 CE.
The soldier emperor period. There is an emphasis on sheer mass and brut force and physical intimidation is a way to stave off assassination. A new abondonment of Greek idealism. - a troubled mind with a poerful body. Heroic portrait of Trebonianus gallus, from Rome Italy 251-253 CE. Bronze.
In the late empire in the soldier emporor period sarphogus become mroe common with the arrival of eastern mystery cults and the promose of salvation. Battles are common on them becuase of wars on the frontiers and civil war. Battle of Romans and barabarians from Rome Italy ca 250-260 CE.
Tetrarchs are going to abandon psychological insight in favor of an iconic style that gives us the idea of an emperor instead of illustrating the individual. Which can be seen in the geometricized approach such as Bust of Galerius from Athribis Egypt, ca 300 CE.
iconic style that gives us the idea of an emperor or emporors. Portrait of the four tetrarchs from Constantiopale ca. 305 CE.
First shows himself as a Tetrach but then shows himself in a more iconic appraoch. Portrait of Constantine from the Basilica Nova, Rome, Italy ca. 315-330 CE.
Late antique style seen int he arch. figures are flat and repetitive. They are heiractic and frontal. Shows the idea of an emporor. Distribution of largess detail of the north frieze of the Arch of Constantine, Rome Italy 312- 315 CE
The layout and structure is taken from the Greeks and etrucans before them and is going to showcase the entryway that will wil enter from one direction and do not walk all the way around it. That is how the function is different that other civilizations. Temple of Portunus (Temple of Fortuna Virilis) Rome, Itlay ca 75 BCE.
Ara Pacis Augustae (Alter of Augustan Peace looking northeast) Rome Italy 13 -9 BCE. A central temple open to the sky on the campus Hypethus marshus that an emporor would enter to sacrifice at the alter on the interior.
Restored view and plan of a typical Roman hosue of the Late Republican Early EMpire. Theres an atrium or foryer, past sleeping rooms and the triculinium and a garden in the back.
Amphitheater - a circular design. There is a arena or sand in the center. - Pompeii Itlay ca. 70 BCE. Designed to maximize viewing angels for blood sport is the basic design of two Greek Theatures joined togther.
Arch - a permanent structure that is meant to be reminiscent of temporary archways that one would walk through when an emperor returns from triumph ii the battlefield and military victory. Arch of Titus, Rome Italy, after 81 CE.
Marked of TRajan are carved out of the side of the hill and are are two storied. Apollodorus of Damascus, Markets of Trajan Rome Italy 110 -112 CE.
Forum. Open entryway or piazta that leads to a bascillica and temples to the diefied emporor. Apollodorus of Damascus, model of Forum of Trajan, Rome Italy, dedicated 112 CE.
Restored cutaway view of the Pantheon, Rome, Italy 118-125 CE. It represent a map of the cosmos or the heavens and the stars above. The oculus represents the sun and the 7 planetary dieties radiating around below.
Th Mosolum of Hadrian Roome, begun 125 Ce completed 140 CE. Circular representing infinity. Woudl have had cyprus trees planted on top that would have been ppopular in cemetraries. There would be an elevated circular feature elevated up to a nude diefied Hadrian.
Baths of Caracalla, Rome, Italy. 212 -216. Designed to accomidate thousands fo bathers in this free complex where they could go to be entertained with 3 different pools for bathing in the center and outward there are other rooms..
Restored cutaway of the Basilica Nova, Rome Itlay, 306 - 312 CE. They are designed as law courts or public forums where we cna see a large open area in the center where people could gather and a foal point where theres an eleated plaform where someone could speak or be seen from.
Aula Palatina Trier Geramny early 4th centry CE. Turned into a church becuase a large number of people inside with directed attention to one person.
Santa Costanza Rome mid fourth century. Circular features - in the interior there is the sarcophegus - purple reflects that it is a royal sarcophegus.
