Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Self Care Practices > Final Exam Study Deck > Flashcards

Final Exam Study Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What injuries qualify at “minor wounds”?

A

Scratches, blisters, scrapes/abrasions, avulsions (tears), splinters, paper cuts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When should medical attention be sought for a wound?

A
  • When it covers a large area
  • When there are injuries to tendons, nerves or muscles
  • Chronic or recurring infections
  • Immunosppressed patients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What non-pharmacologic therapy can be used to treat minor wounds?

A

Use normal saline to gently clean wound, using tweezers to remove debris.

Apply petrolatum & dressing, keeping wound moist and changing daily (24-48hr)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What pharmacologic therapies can be used to treat minor wounds?

A

Benzalkonium chloride
Povidone-iodine
Isopropyl alcohol
Chlorhexidine

Do NOT us Hydrogen Peroxide as it interferes with healing!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name three topical Anti-Infectives that can be used to treat minor wounds.

A
  1. Bacitracin
  2. Polymyxin B
  3. Gramidin

NOTES: Used to reduce crust formation and prevent dressing adherence to the wound. Do not use longer than one week!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name three local anesthetics that can be used to treat minor wounds.

A
  1. Benzocaine
  2. Lidocaine
  3. Pramoxine HCL

NOTE: Watch for allergic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What analgesics can be used to treat pain associated with a minor wound?

A

Acetaminophen, codeine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Topical antipruritic and antihistamine (Benadryl) is contraindicated1 if the wounds is __________.

A

Open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the four phases of wound healing?

A
  1. Hemostasis: vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation and clot formation (dy 1-3)
  2. Inflammatory: vasodilation and increased blood flow, redness, swelling, pain (dy 3-20)
  3. Proliferative: collagen forms scar tissue to hold edges together (wk 1-6)
  4. Maturation: formation of new tissue, wound contraction and new epithelium (wk 6-2yr)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Looking at the minor wounds assessment chart, what red flags might lead the pharmacist to recommend patient seek advanced treatment?

A
  1. Requires Tetanus shot
  2. Underlying conditions/factors like diabetes, elderly, malnourishment, smoking, obesity, or immunocompromised
  3. Animal/human bite
  4. Deep puncture (fat/bone), or fat/bone exposed
  5. Deep partial or full thickness burn
  6. Large, gaping wound, stitches required
  7. Signs of infection or embedded foreign material that cannot be removed with irrigation
  8. Severe pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

If a patient presents to the pharmacy with a chemical or electrical burn, the pharmacist should always ___________________.

A

Refer to a physician

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the “Rule of 9” and how does it apply to burn assessment?

A

An easy way to quickly assess and calculate burn surface area.
- Each arm is 9%, each leg is 18%, head is 9%, front trunk is 18%, back trunk is 18%, palms are 1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What non-pharmacological therapies can be used to treat a burn?

A
  • immerse in cool water or use a cool compress for 30min
  • NO ICE
  • leave small blisters intact
  • do not apply petrolatum, butter or margarine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What pharmacological therapies can be used to treat a burn?

A
  • Topical antibiotics (open blisters)
  • Analgesics like acetaminophen and NSAIDs (avoid ASA)
  • Anesthetics (limit use)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When assessing a burn patient for treatment, what red flags might cause the pharmacist to send the patient to the hospital for treatment?

A
  • Deep partial or full-thickness burn
  • under the age of 5 or over the age of 60
  • Burns on/including the face, ear, eyelid, inside of arm, hands, feet, groin
  • Burns covering a large or circumferential area
  • Chemical, electrical or inhalation burn
  • Underlying medical conditions or immunosuppressed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Frostbite?

A
  • Cold-induced injury where ice crystals form in tissue
  • Can look waxy-white, yellowish or mottle blue-white surrounded by red
  • Area is numb and hard
  • 90% of all cases occur in the hands or feet
  • Levels 1-3 of severity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Frostnip?

A
  • Pre-freeze superficial injury (before frostbite)
  • Blue-white, numbness and tingling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the degrees of Frostbite?

A

Frostnip (superficial)
Superficial frostbite (blisters form, no major damage)
Frostbite (all layers of skin, permanent tissue damage/death)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What non-pharmacologic therapy would be recommended for a patient with frostnip/frostbite?

A
  • Move to warm location, do not walk on frozen toes/feet and do not thaw if there is a risk of re-freezing
  • Remove jewelry and/or constrictive clothing
  • Don’t rub area
  • Use blankets or can immerse in warm water for 15-30min
  • Elevate area and apply sterile dressing

FROSTBITE - send to doctor
FROSTNIP - will respond quickly to re-warming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What pharmacologic therapy can be used for frostbite/frostnip?

A

Analgesics: NSAIDS and Acetaminophen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Impetigo?

A

Highly contagious bacterial infection (S. aureus)
- 2 types: Bullous (30%) and Non-bullous (70%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the non-pharmacological treatments for Impetigo?

A
  • Use warm, soapy water or saline to remove crusts (10-15 min/2-4 times a day)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What pharmacologic measures can be taken for Impetigo?

A

Non-RX: Polymyxin B, bacitracin & gramicidin (Polysporin/Bioderm)
RX: Mupirocin, Fusidic acid, Neomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is pediculosis?

A

Lice - a tiny blood sucking parasite common in crowded spaces (shelters, schools, prisons, LTC facilities)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the three species of lice that affect humans?

A
  1. Head (skin)
  2. Body (seams of clothing)
  3. Pubic (skin - most common STI)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How is lice transmitted?

A
  • Head: hair to hair contact
  • Body: sharing clothing or linens - poor hygiene only plays major role in body lice
  • Pubic: Sexual or close body contact, bed linens or towels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the lifecycle of lice look like?

A
  • Eggs are cemented in nits to base of hair or in seams of clothing
  • Louse hatches, moults, mates, laying more eggs after mating - total lifecycle is 33-35 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Nits can survive for up to _________ days.

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Adult lice do not have ____________ and cannot ____________.

A

wings, jump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are pseudonits?

A

objects in hair that resemble nits (hair spray, dandruff)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What symptoms are associated with lice?

A

Head: itchy scalp, allergic reaction to bites, infection from scratching
Pubic: itchy, reaction to bites, infection from scratching, small, yellow-brown dots
Body: itchy at nighttime (feed at night), red papule around waist and underarms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Non-rx therapies for lice include…

A
  • Avoid sharing personal items (hats, brushes), contact of head to seat backs, sharing towels/washcloths
  • Nit combs
  • Washing items (hot water)
  • Vacuum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What pharmacologic treatments are available for lice?

A
  1. Dimeticone (Nyda)
  2. Cyclomethicone/Isopropyl myristate (Resultz)
  3. Permethrin Cream Rinse (Nix-First choice): low toxicity and very ovicidal. Shampoo, apply, and let it sit for 10 minutes. Rinse hair and dry. Use nit comb to remove nits. Second treatment in 7-10 days
  4. Pyrethrins (R&C - piperonyl butoxide): low ovicidal, need two treatments, avoid if you have ragweed allergy!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are “Super Lice”?

A

Lice that have developed resistance to rx treatments - especially pyrethrins and permethrins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Are pharmacological treatments necessary for body lice?

A

Nope! Only require bathing and laundering for infected articles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is Scabies?

A

Scabies is a contagious infestation by a small mite (parasite)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the lifecycle for a scabies infestation?

A

Females burrow into skin and lay eggs - eggs hatch in 3-4 days and mature in 1-2 weeks - mites can live on humans for 1-2 months and continue living in clothing, bedding, dust for 2-3 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How is scabies transmitted?

A

Close personal contact (sleeping together)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the symptoms of a scabies infestation?

A
  • Intense itching that worsens at night or after a hot bath
  • wavy lines on skin - hands, feet, finger webs, inner wrists and underarms
  • sometimes groin, butt, breasts or fact/head in infants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What non-pharmacologic measures can be taken for scabies?

A
  • wash clothes and linens in hot, soapy water
  • bag other items in plastic for 5-7 days
  • vacuum everything
  • avoid contact with others until treatment compleated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What pharmacologic measure can be used to treat scabies?

A

All treatments are to be applied from neck down, including under the nails
- Permethrin: most effective and least toxic, for adults and children over 2 - apply and leave on for 8-14 hours, than wash off
- Crotamiton: Apply for 2 nights in a row and wash off 48hrs later
- Precipitated Sulfer in Petrolatum: Apply for 3 nights in a row and wash off on day 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What prevention measures can be taken to avoid bites, stings?

A
  • Avoid scented products
  • Don’t carry ripe, fresh fruit
  • Good hygiene
  • Citronella candles

OTC Products:
- DEET 10-30%
- Citronella
- Lemon Eucalyptus
- Icaridin 10-20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What non-rx therapies can help with bites and stings?

A
  • Clean area with warm soap and water
  • cool compresses
  • baking soda paste
  • remove stinger by gently scraping with fingernail or credit card edge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What pharmacologic therapies can help with bites and stings?

A
  • Calamine lotion
  • Acetaminophen or NSAIDs
  • Diphenhydramine (itching/swelling)
  • Loratadine
  • AVOID: benzocaine, lidocaine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What diseases can ticks carry?

A

RMSF or Lyme disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Tick disease transmission if higher if the tick remains attached for more than __________.

A

24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the safest way to remove ticks?

A
  • NOT with kerosene or match
  • Use tweezers, as close to head as possible, pull with steady pressure until it releases grip
  • Avoid injuring/killing as the tick might expel infected fluid into patient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is Acne Vulgaris?

A

Common skin disorder consisting of breakouts of multiple pimples
- adolescents and some adults
- no cure (controlled with treatment)
- obstructed sebaceous follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Blackheads are _______ comedones and Whiteheads are ___________ comedones.

A

Open, closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are the different causes of Acne?

A
  1. Acneiform - caused by certain medications (OCs, lithium, steroids)
  2. Environmental (heat, pressure, scrubbing, hair styles)
  3. Emotions: Intense anger, stress
  4. Neonatal: baby cheeks from placental transfer of androgens
  5. Cosmetic: oil-based cosmetics and hairspray
  6. Occupational: exposure to oils in the workplace
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the goals of Acne treatment?

A
  • Alleviate symptoms
  • Reduce number and severity of lesions
  • Limit recurrence
  • Prevent scarring
  • Avoid psychological suffering
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are some non-pharmacological treatments for Acne?

A
  • Washing twice daily with a mild soap or soapless cleanser
  • Extractions (not recommended - possibility of scarring and infection)
  • UV light (not advised due to carcinogenic nature of UV)
53
Q

What pharmacological treatments are recommended for Acne?

A
  • Medicated soap/wash/gel/lotion/pasted: leave in contact with area for 15 seconds - 5 minutes
  • Exfoliants (peeling): Salicylic acid in combination with hydrogen peroxide, sulfer, resorcinol (can be in combination with surfer)
  • Abrasives: pumice
  • Antibacterial/Antifungal: triclosan
  • Antibacterial: Benzoyl peroxide (first line treatment), decrease number of lesions in 5 days, can cause bleaching, can be in a water, alcohol, acetone, or hydro phase gel, avoid sun exposure
54
Q

What role does UVB play in skin damage?

A
  • Damages stratum corneum and epidermal layers
  • Skin cancer, photo-aging, immunosuppression
  • DAILY UV REPORTS ARE UVB ONLY
  • Produces sunburn
  • Plays role in tanning
55
Q

What role does UVA play in skin damage?

A
  • Penetrates dermis and SC Fat
  • 10-15% role in sunburn
  • With UVB - major factor in skin aging
  • Least potent, but still significant contributor to skin cancer
  • More UVA than UVB/UVC
  • DNA damage
  • UVA absorbed by photosensitizing drugs (cause bad sunburn)
56
Q

What about UVC?

A
  • Most carcinogenic
  • Does not reach earth
57
Q

Photo____________ : resembles sunburn, Photo_________: blisters and oozing lesions.

A

Toxicity, allergy

58
Q

What is “photo-aging”?

A
  • Premature skin aging
  • Most damage done before age of 20
  • Rough, coarse, dull skin with fine/deep wrinkles
59
Q

Actinic Keratosis is considered to be ______________.

A

Pre-cancer

60
Q

Risk for skin cancer is related to….

A

Squamous cell carcinoma: cumulative lifetime exposure
Basal cell carcinoma and melanoma: exposure during childhood and adolescence

61
Q

What is the difference between HYPER and HYPOpigmentary changes related to UV exposure?

A

Hyper: hypermelanosis - irregular spots of mottled hyperpigmention that is treated with hydroquinone
Hypo: back of head and forearms on those over 60

62
Q

UV exposure can cause age related ___________________ and ___________________.

A

Macular degeneration, cataracts

63
Q

What is the best way to reduce/prevent skin damage from UV exposure?

A
  • Avoid direct sun from 11-3
  • Avoid sun exposure in infants less than 6 months in age
  • Wear protective clothing
  • Avoid tanning
  • Wear sun-screen
64
Q

How does sunscreen help protect us from UV exposure?

A
  • Physical sunscreen: forms barrier that reflects/scatters light (Zinc oxide, titanium dioxide)
  • Chemical Sunscreens Absorbs, reflects or scatters a portion of UV lights
  • helps reduce sunburn/photoaging and pre-cancer spots, squamous cell carcinoma
  • no risk reduction for basal cell carcinoma or melanoma
65
Q

Octocrylene, Ensulizole, Cinnamate (Octinoxate) and Oxybenzone protects agains mainly _________ and minimal __________.

A

UVB, UVA

66
Q

Avobenzone protects against _________ and ___________.

A

UVA, UVB

67
Q

Homosalate, Octisalate protects against __________ only.

A

UVB

68
Q

SPF (Sun protection factor) of 20 would mean that a person wearing that sunscreen would take 20 times longer to burn. True or False?

A

True

69
Q

What are the guidelines for sunscreen application?

A
  • Chemical sunscreen ages 6 month and up
  • Apply 30 min before exposure and reapply every 2 hours
  • 2.5-5ml to face/neck
  • 5-7.5ml to each of the following areas: arms/shoulder, chest/back
  • 2-2.5 mL to legs/tops of feet
70
Q

What is the difference between a Standard of Practice and Scope of Practice?

A
71
Q

What is a PRA?

A
72
Q

What are the three layers of skin?

A

Epidermis: outermost layer
Dermis: below the epidermis
Subcutaneous: below the dermis, contains fat deposits

73
Q

What is the function of human skin?

A

Protects lower tissues from contaminants, prevents loss of fluid and electrolytes

74
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A

Stratum corneum (cells lose their nuclei and form this layer, layer sheds continuously)
Stratum lucidum: stretchy (pads of feet/hands)
Stratum granulosum: granular (cells die and keratohyalin converts to keratin)
Stratum spinosum: spiny (keratohyalin granules)
Stratum basale: basal (cells divide and move up to spiny layer)

Process takes 25-30 days

75
Q

What conditions fall under the umbrella of hyperproliferation skin disorders?

A
  • Cradle Cap
  • Psoriasis
  • Dandruff & Seborrheic Dermatitis

Abnormality in skin cell reproduction causing noticeable shedding

76
Q

What is Cradle Cap?

A
  • Infantile seborrhoea dermatitis that is caused by a fungal infection and overactive sebaceous glands
  • Scales are greasy, yellow/brown and can have redness/inflammation
  • Usually treated with petrolatum or mineral oil, but severe cases will need medical intervention
  • Follow up with mild, non-medicated baby shampoo
77
Q

What is dandruff and seborrhoea?

A

Non-inflammatory increased shedding of skin cells with some itching
- Caused by malasezzia fungus
- Common after puberty and peaks in early 20’s
- Dandruff (scalp), seborrhoea (body)
NON-Pharm
- Humidifier, daily shampoo and scrub

78
Q

What pharmacologic treatments are suggested for dandruff?

A

ANTIFUNGALS: Ketoconazole (over 12), Selenium Sulfide (can stain hair), Zinc Pyrithione
KERATOLYTICS: Salicylic acid, Sulfer (in combo), Coal-tar (stain/bleach, acne, contact dermatitis)

79
Q

What is seborrheic dermatitis?

A

Persistent, lifelong condition that is worse in winter months
- Caused by excessive sebum production that allows yeasts/bacteria to produce fatty acids that irritate the skin
- symptoms are itching, burning, flaking, redness, with yellow, greasy scales
- can appear at the hairline, forehead, face, eyebrows, eyelashes, eyelids, beards, moustache, external ear

80
Q

What pharmacologic therapies are used to treat seborrheic dermatitis

A

Coal tar, zinc pyrithione, selenium sulphide, salicylic acid, urea

Anti-inflammatory
- Topical corticosteroids (clobetasone, hydrocortisone)
- decrease itching/inflammation
- 1-2 times daily for 1-3 weeks

81
Q

Dermatitis/Eczema has two forms ________________. ___________________.

A

Endogenous (internal) and Exogenous (External)

82
Q

What disorders fall under the umbrella of ENDOgenous dermatitis?

A

Atopic Dermatitis
- Starts in childhood with asthma/allergic rhinitis
Nummular eczema (coin patches)
Stasis dermatitis (DVT)
Neurodermatitis (thick skin due to scratching)
Dyshidrotic (palm/sole of foot)

83
Q

What factors play into having Atopic Dermatitis?

A

Genetics (90% have onset before 5yrs old)
- Early sign (red, chapped baby’s cheeks)
- Higher incidence of viral infections
- itchy but no rash
- increased sensitivity to dust, molds, pets, stress, pollen and weather, food and drug allergens

84
Q

Exogenous Dermatitis is also known as _______________ dermatitis.

A

Contact

  • Can be caused by an irritant or an allergy
  • triggered by contact with a specific substance
85
Q

What are some important things to note about IRRITANT contact dermatitis?

A

Non-allergic reaction to substance (concentration and duration dependant)
- Reaction due to direct damage and not sensitization
- Common irritants include: fibreglass, cacti, hot peppers, SLS, adhesives, benzoyl peroxide, cinnamon

86
Q

What are some important things to note about ALLERGIC contact dermatitis?

A

Triggered by exposure of sensitized individuals to contact allergens
- SENSITIZATION 5-21 days
- RE-EXPOSURE 12-48hrs
- Itching/swelling
- Common contact allergens include: poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac, latex, nickel, synthetic rubber, ethylenediamine, paraphenylenediamine (black hair dye)

87
Q

What non-pharmacologic therapy is recommended for treatment of Atopic Dermatitis?

A
  • Control triggers
  • Choose cotton
  • Avoid fabric softener/bleach
  • Restrict bathing (warm water)
  • Keep air cool/moist
88
Q

What non-pharmacologic therapy is recommended for treatment of Contact Dermatitis?

A
  • Decrease exposure to irritant/allergen
  • Protect damaged skin
  • Avoid soaps, detergents, bleaches, moist vegetables
  • remove rings
  • avoid rubber gloves
  • saline or tap water compresses
89
Q

What are compresses and how are they used to treat skin conditions?

A
  • Cool/dry the skin through evaporation
  • Decrease inflammatory blood flow
  • used to treat ACUTE conditions with OOZING/CRUSTING
  • Gauze/thin cloth soaked in room temperature solution, wrung and applied to skin
  • remove, remoisten and reapply every few min for 20-30 mins, 4-6 times a day
90
Q

What are soaks and how are they used to treat skin conditions?

A
  • Softens hardened crusts (scaling conditions)
  • Hydrates skin
  • NOT for acute, exuding dermatitis
  • Saturated cloth is applied for 15-20 minutes
91
Q

What pharmacologic therapies are effective for dermatitis?

A

Mineral Oil: apply during/after bath
Antiitching agents: Calamine
Antihistamines: Diphenhydramine
Anti-inflammatory corticosteroid: Hydrocortisone
Skin Protectants: Colloidal oatmeal

92
Q

What is Psoriasis?

A

Chronic conditions that has large genetic component
- Cell turnover rate is 10-20 times faster then normal
- Plaque psoriasis is the most common
- Itchy silvery-white scales that itch/burn/sting
- Scalp, sacral, knees, elbows
- nail disfigurement
- Cold weather worsens symptoms
- Triggers: Strep throat, URT infection, meds, stress, alcohol

93
Q

Non pharmacologic treatments for Psoriasis?

A
  • Avoid triggers
  • DON’T REMOVE SCALES
  • Bathing
  • Cool air humidifier
94
Q

What are some pharmacologic treatments for Psoriasis?

A
  • Petrolatum
  • Keratolytics: Salicylic Acid, coal tar
  • Anti-inflammatory: Hydrocortisone
95
Q

How many pregnancies in Canada are unplanned?

A

61%

96
Q

What are some reasons why a woman would want to avoid conception

A
  • Have underlying disease states
  • Sexually active - not in a relationship
  • Couple opting to delay starting a family
97
Q

Why would someone choose to purchase contraceptives at the pharmacy?

A
  • Convenience (no appt)
  • can choose where to go
  • confidential/anonymous
98
Q

How is the FAM used as a contraceptive?

A

Use basal temp, cervical mucus and calendar to keep track of fertile and non-fertile days
- Abstain from sex 3-4 days before ovulation, 3-4 days after ovulation
Advantages: Free
Disadvantages: Need regular cycles, highly disciplined, and has 25% failure rate

99
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of the male condom as a contraceptive?

A

Advantages:
- Protects against STI
- Easy, convenient, cheap
- Can be used with spermicide to increase effectiveness
Disadvantages:
- Interrupts coitus/reduced sensation
- Allergic reaction
- Difficult to use correctly and can break or slip off
- Some stigma around purchasing

100
Q

What types of male condoms are available?

A

Latex: can trigger allergies, more constricting, water-based lubes only
Polyurethane: hypoallergenic, less constricting, oil lubes are ok, more prone to breakage
Lambskin: no HIV protection, allergies to wool

101
Q

What are the different vaginal barrier devices that can be used for contraception?

A
  • Diaphragm: fitted and placed before sex, use with spermicide
  • Sponge: absorbs sperm, contains nonoxynol-9 (spermicide)
  • Cervical Cap
  • Female Condom: one size/use, expensive, higher failure rate, skill to use
102
Q

What is the “Morning after” pill?

A

Emergency contraceptive that consists of 1.5mg levonorgestrel that is taken up to 72hrs of unprotected sex
- Stops release of egg from ovary
- prevents fertilization
- prevents fertilized egg from implanting in uterus
- will not harm fetus if already pregnant

NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH ABORTION PILL!

103
Q

What schedule is Plan B?

A

Schedule III when sold as an emergency contraceptive

104
Q

What can cause vaginal dryness?

A

Low estrogen
- Menopause
- Post-partum
- Right after your period
- Long term Breast Cancer survivors
- tampons
- stress/fatigue/exercise
- Endo
- Meds (antihistamines, TCA, SSRI, antipsychotics)
- oral contraceptives

105
Q

What are vaginal moisturizers?

A
  • Liquid/gel/ovule that contain either water-soluble lubricants (glycerin - short acting) or bioadhesive polymers (Replens - longer acting)
106
Q

Healthy vaginal environment is maintained through the balance of:

A

Local bacterial flora, hormones, epithelial cells

107
Q

Vaginal products include the following:

A

Liquid: Massengil, summer’s eve (vinegar/water)
Spray: Summer’s eve deodorant spray
Wipe: Vagisil wipes, summer’s eve cleansing cloths
Vaginal capsule: Vagicare (probiotic)
Cream: Vagisil (benzocaine, resorcinol)

108
Q

What is a douche?

A

Instilling fluid into the vagina to flush cavity and remove discharge
- warm water
- vinegar solution
- not a contraceptive
- not recommended for general/daily use

DO NOT USE if pregnant or menstruating, more then 2 times per week or within 3 days of a pelvic exam

109
Q

What are some concerns regarding vaginal products?

A
  • often contain irritating fragrances, ingrediants
  • can disrupt normal flora and increase risk of infection
  • delay diagnosis infection
  • anaesthetic can mask symptoms of concern
  • resorcinol is a hazardous substance
110
Q

What is TSS and how can it be avoided?

A

Severe, life-threatening condition caused by S. Aureus
- 15-26yr old
- linked to repeated use of super tampons on light days
- change tampons often (4-6 times daily)
- match absorbency to flow/alternate with pads
- don’t use tampons until 8 weeks post surgery or childbirth
- if symptoms develop, remove tampon and go straight to hospitol

111
Q

What is TSS and how can it be avoided?

A

Severe, life-threatening condition caused by S. Aureus
- 15-26yr old
- Sudden high fever, low blood pressure, rash, swelling, fast heartbeat, sore throat, muscle pain, liver/kidney failure, bruising, confusion
- linked to repeated use of super tampons on light days
- change tampons often (4-6 times daily)
- match absorbency to flow/alternate with pads
- don’t use tampons until 8 weeks post surgery or childbirth
- if symptoms develop, remove tampon and go straight to hospital

112
Q

What are the symptoms of a vaginal infection and what are the risk factors for developing one?

A
  • Itching, burning, stinging, inflamed, red, abnormal discharge, painful sex, hurts to urinate
    Risk factors: Antibiotics, OCs, Age, Immune status, diabetes, sexual activity, hygiene restrictive clothing
113
Q

What are some non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments for a vaginal infection?

A

Non-pharm: increase intake of yogurt, lower sugar intake, oral probiotics, good hygiene, loose fitting clothing and cotton underwear
Pharm: Nystatin, Imidazoles (clotrimazole, miconazole, fluconazole) Take for 1-3 days, result after 6-7 days, can cause vaginal burning/irritation
- metronidazole is rx only

114
Q

What is dysmenorrhea?

A

Painful menstration - caused by menstrual cramps or PID

115
Q

What are the treatments for dysmenorrhea?

A

NON: exercise, warm bath, heating pad, relaxation, lower fat intake
PHARM: Advil - take immediately at onset of pain and for 2 days after, decreases prostaglandins, Tylenol - not effective for prostaglandins, for headache only

116
Q

What are some treatments for bloating associated with menses?

A

Caffeine, pamabrom, pyrilamine

117
Q

What is PMS?

A

Premenstrual Syndrome
- Symptoms occur during luteal phase ( after ovulation)

Psychological: Anxiety, irritability, depression, crying, mood swings, cravings, fatigue, forgetfulness, confusion, clumsiness, insomnia, aggression, phobias

Physical: Bloating, swelling, weight gain, BM changes, breast pain, headache, hot flashes, acne, runny nose, palpitations

118
Q

What effect does fluoride have on teeth?

A

Systemic: decrease acid solubility in pre-eruptive teeth (kids)
Local: Reduces demineralization/promotes remineralization - helps enamal become more resistant to acid

119
Q

Mouth Ulcers/canker sores (Aphthous stomatitis)

A

Non-infections oral disorder that affects gingival and intraoral soft tissues
- 5-25% of population is affected
- 50% have a 3-month recurrence

120
Q

What are the three types of mouth ulcers?

A
  1. Minor (small ulcers that are recurrent)
  2. Major (+1cm, scar, last weeks/months in HIV patients)
  3. Herpetiform (uncommon, 2-3mm)
121
Q

What are some prevention strategies for mouth ulcers?

A
  • Address nutritional deficiencies
  • Identify allergies
  • reduce local trauma
  • reduce stress
122
Q

What is the usual treatment for mouth ulcers?

A

NON-PHARM:
Avoid foods that cause pain (hard, crusty, sharp, spicy, salty, acidic)
Avoid alcohol and chocolate
Gargle with salt water
PHARM:
Local anesthetics (Orajel, kank-a), oral analgesics, protectants (mucosal adherent), antiseptic

123
Q

What is Herpes Labialis?

A

Cold sores due to recurrent herpes simples virus around the mouth
- painful lesion on border of lip and nostrils
- weep liquid with crusting/healing within 7-10 days
- sun exposure can trigger recurrences
- Prodromal tingling 2-24 hours of appearance

124
Q

How is herpes labials treated?

A

NON-PHARM:
Keep sore clean and do not touch with hands
PHARM:
Protectant (petrolatum, zinc, benzyl alcohol)
Anesthetic (benzocaine)
Analgesic (menthol)
Antiviral (docosanol - ABREVA)
Amino Acid (lysine)
Bee resin (ColdSore FX)
Anticoagulant (Lipactin)
Essential oil

125
Q

What is halitosis?

A

Bad breath
Physiologic halitosis: caused by food ingested or dry mouth
Pathologic halitosis: disease or malfunction of the mouth

126
Q

What are some non-pharmacologic treatments for BB?

A
  • Good oral hygiene
  • Clean mouth after eating/drinking dairy, meat, fish and drink lots of water
  • Increase saliva
  • clean tongue
127
Q

What are some pharmacologic treatments for BB?

A
  • Use mouth rinse with lowest possible alcohol content
  • address underlying causes
128
Q

Xerstomia - dry mouth

A

Decreased saliva production or quality

129
Q

What are some treatments for dry mouth?

A
  • Dental care
  • Reduce sugar
  • stimulate saliva (xylitol)
  • use a saliva substitute

Products:
Biotene gel, moi-stir spray, mouth note, sialor

Self Care Practices (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions