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Final Exam Study Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of arthritis

A

oa and ra

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2
Q

What do you see when you think of a hand with osteoarthritis?

A 
A grinding, grating feeling or a crunchy sound when joints move (crepitus)
Less range of motion in affected joints
Joint pain
Joint stiffness
Swelling
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3
Q

herbedens nodes

A

DIP joints

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4
Q

bouchards nodes

A

PIP joints

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5
Q

Mechanical stresses on OA hands should be avoided:

A

sustained pinch (knitting, hand tools, garden tools)
sustained pinch with torque (key turning, can opening)
pushing and pulling (vegetable peeling, hand sawing, ski poles),
repetitive movements (cutting with scissors, spray bottles)

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6
Q

rheumatoid arthritis is a…

A

systemic disease

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7
Q

who is more affected by ra?

A

women 75% of cases

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8
Q

whats a classic symptom of ra?

A

morning stiffness

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9
Q

which joints are most common with ra?

A

MCPJs and the PIPJs.

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10
Q

what you hear ra what do you think you see?

A

ulnar deviation

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11
Q

ra is an…

A

inflammatory response

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12
Q

what are effusions?

A

in joints- excess fluid in the joints indicates inflammation of the synovium (note spindle shape of fingers)

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13
Q

what is trigger finger?

A

Tendons may become thickened and have trouble traveling through the flexor sheath in the finger
Can result in a “catching” and “snapping” as extension is achieved

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14
Q

define Synovectomy…

A

removal of diseased synovium for pain relief and to slow joint destruction

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15
Q

define Tenosynovectomy…

A

removal of diseased tendon sheath to prevent tendon rupture.

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16
Q

define Tendon surgeries…

A

repair, transfer, release. Corrective for specific impairments

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17
Q

define arthroplasty

A

joint replacement

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18
Q

define Arthrodesis…

A

joint fusion (to decrease pain)

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19
Q

define deformity…

A

result of biomechanical changes to the joints and supporting structures

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20
Q

what is mallet finger?

A

“droop” of the DIP. Damage to the insertion of the extensor tendon into the distal phalanx.

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21
Q

what is a Boutonniere deformity?

A

Flexion of PIP and hyperextension of DIP.

Caused by destruction of central slip of the extensors and volar slipping of the lateral bands.

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22
Q

what is a swan neck deformity?

A

PIPJ in hyperextension and DIPJ in flexion. Caused by overstretching of the volar plate of the PIPJ.

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23
Q

examples of what congition is…

A 
Orientation
Memory
Attention
Concentration
Problem solving 
Judgment and Reasoning
Insight
Decision making
Abstract reasoning 
Planning and organizing
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24
Q

problems with cognition include…

A 
Amnesia
Short and long term memory loss
Slowed ability to process information
Difficulty organizing and planning ahead
Poor judgment
Inability to do more than one thing at a time
Lack of initiating or starting activities
Easily distracted
Disoriented or confused to surroundings
Shorter attention span
Repeatedly says or thinks the same thing
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25
conditions that might have a cognition deficit
``` Traumatic brain injury Stroke Brain hemorrhage Brain tumors Anoxia Excessive and prolonged alcohol use MS PD AD AIDS ```
26
In the brain, when a pathway is damaged, the brain tries to find a new route to communicate this is called...
NEUROPLASTICITY
27
information processing need to have these skills..
``` Comparing Categorizing Determining relationships Logical reasoning Flexibility of thinking ```
28
define Metacognition
knowledge of own thinking processes. Includes thoughts about what one knows and does not know
29
what is cognitive rehab?
focuses on the attainment of cognitive skills (attention, memory, problem solving etc.) lost or altered as a result of neurological trauma
30
when working with a client with a cognition dissability its important too..
Simple instructions (avoid verbal bombardment) Reduce distractions Make sure tasks are meaningful to client Make sure client understands directions (may ask them to demo) Repeat directions as needed, but only when needed Encourage client to ask questions Be specific, and encourage task repetition Recognize that progress may be slower
31
what are common pinch and grasp patterns?
``` Tip to tip Pad to pad Tripod Lateral pinch Cylindrical grasp Spherical grasp Hook grasp Bilateral palmar grasp ```
32
what is tip to tip pinch and an example
The tip of the thumb to the tip of the index (and sometimes middle finger). ex: picking up a paperclip or contact lense
33
what is pad to pad pinch and an example
Pad of the index finger opposes with pad of thumb Provides a lot of sensory information, used to explore texture, resistance ex: picking up small items
34
which pinch is most common?
tripod
35
what is the tripod pinch and an example
Use of the pads of the thumb and index and middle. | ex: holding a pencil
36
what is the lateral pinch and an example
The pad of the thumb against the lateral side of the index finger ex: turning a key in a door
37
which is the strongest pinch?
lateral pinch
38
what is a cylindrical grasp and an example?
Fingers wrap around and fold towards hand as if holding a dowel ex: holding a hammer
39
what is a spherical grasp and an example?
Palm cupped, wrist extended Fingers rounded and spread apart Wide thumb web-space ex: holding a tennis ball
40
what is hook grasp and an example
``` Fingers flexed into palm MCPs may be in some flexion Thumb not important in this grasp Wrist fairly neutral ex: holding/hanging a grocery bag ```
41
what is bilateral palmar grasp and an example
Both hands open Fingers spread apart Wide-web space ex: holding a basket ball
42
division of function on the hand: radial side for..
manipulation and dexterity
43
division of function on the hand: ulnar side for..
power and stability
44
normal hand function requires...
strong tissue repairs, with free gliding between structures/tissues, and good sensation.
45
define Neurapraxia
contusion or bruising of the nerve. Full recovery in days or weeks.
46
define Axontmesis
nerve fibres distal to the injury degenerate, but nerve is still in continuity.
47
define Neurotmesis
complete laceration of the nerve. Usually repaired micro surgically. Recovery is unpredictable
48
radial nerve injury
most commonly injured in upper arm. Results in wrist drop and MP joint extension Rx with a wrist extension splint and ROM exercises.
49
median nerbe injury
often called the eyes of the hand (provides sensation to much of the palmar hand surface) distal injuries- loss of thumb ABD and OPP. Wasting of thenar eminence. Rx- thumb opposition splint.
50
ulnar nerve injury
Injury in the forearm results in hyperextension of the MCPJs of the ring and small finger (clawing). Rx- MCP extension block splint for D4 and D5. Educate client about risk of burns and injury
51
tendon gliding sequence
Straight fingers Hook Straight fist Gentle full fist
52
thermal burns
Most common. Exposure or contact with flame, hot liquids, steam, tar or hot objects.
53
chemical burns
Caused by tissue contact with strong acids, alkalis, or organic compounds. Example: Lye, drain cleaners,
54
electrical burns
Caused by heat that is generated by electrical energy as it passes through the body. Exit, and Entry wounds visible.
55
radiation burns
sunburn; x-rays
56
cold exposure-frostbite
Damage occurs to the skin and underlying tissues when ice crystals puncture the cells
57
What is eschar?
dead epidermis and necrotic dermis that remain attached to the wound bed
58
How is it determined when to graft?
When healing is expected to exceed 3 weeks
59
What is a hypertrophic scar?
A red hard collagenous scar. Usually begin to appear after 6 to 8 weeks post healing
60
How can the scarring process lead to joint contracture
Normal wounds heal by contracture. The new collagen fibres from and shorten, pulling the skin and across joints. This process can take place over months and years.
61
ms treatment goals
``` Maintain functional status Maintain strength, endurance, coordination, ROM, Maintain ADLs and mobility Prevent contractures and decubiti Maintain work and leisure pursuits ```
62
Paraffin is a superficial heating agent that transfers heat through...
dirrect contact (conduction)
63
benefits of paraffin trrewtment...
provides circumferential, moist heat
64
contraindications for paraffin wax treeatment
``` Open cuts and wounds, inflammatory skin conditions, impaired circulation, acute inflammation, acute arthritic joint flare-ups, oedema, malignancies sensory impairment. Always check first with the therapist before beginning treatment. ```

OTA 2 (2 decks)

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