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OTA 2 > Final Exam Study > Flashcards

Final Exam Study Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of arthritis

A

oa and ra

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2
Q

What do you see when you think of a hand with osteoarthritis?

A 
A grinding, grating feeling or a crunchy sound when joints move (crepitus)
Less range of motion in affected joints
Joint pain
Joint stiffness
Swelling
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3
Q

herbedens nodes

A

DIP joints

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4
Q

bouchards nodes

A

PIP joints

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5
Q

Mechanical stresses on OA hands should be avoided:

A

sustained pinch (knitting, hand tools, garden tools)
sustained pinch with torque (key turning, can opening)
pushing and pulling (vegetable peeling, hand sawing, ski poles),
repetitive movements (cutting with scissors, spray bottles)

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6
Q

rheumatoid arthritis is a…

A

systemic disease

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7
Q

who is more affected by ra?

A

women 75% of cases

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8
Q

whats a classic symptom of ra?

A

morning stiffness

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9
Q

which joints are most common with ra?

A

MCPJs and the PIPJs.

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10
Q

what you hear ra what do you think you see?

A

ulnar deviation

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11
Q

ra is an…

A

inflammatory response

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12
Q

what are effusions?

A

in joints- excess fluid in the joints indicates inflammation of the synovium (note spindle shape of fingers)

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13
Q

what is trigger finger?

A

Tendons may become thickened and have trouble traveling through the flexor sheath in the finger
Can result in a “catching” and “snapping” as extension is achieved

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14
Q

define Synovectomy…

A

removal of diseased synovium for pain relief and to slow joint destruction

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15
Q

define Tenosynovectomy…

A

removal of diseased tendon sheath to prevent tendon rupture.

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16
Q

define Tendon surgeries…

A

repair, transfer, release. Corrective for specific impairments

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17
Q

define arthroplasty

A

joint replacement

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18
Q

define Arthrodesis…

A

joint fusion (to decrease pain)

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19
Q

define deformity…

A

result of biomechanical changes to the joints and supporting structures

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20
Q

what is mallet finger?

A

“droop” of the DIP. Damage to the insertion of the extensor tendon into the distal phalanx.

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21
Q

what is a Boutonniere deformity?

A

Flexion of PIP and hyperextension of DIP.

Caused by destruction of central slip of the extensors and volar slipping of the lateral bands.

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22
Q

what is a swan neck deformity?

A

PIPJ in hyperextension and DIPJ in flexion. Caused by overstretching of the volar plate of the PIPJ.

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23
Q

examples of what congition is…

A 
Orientation
Memory
Attention
Concentration
Problem solving 
Judgment and Reasoning
Insight
Decision making
Abstract reasoning 
Planning and organizing
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24
Q

problems with cognition include…

A 
Amnesia
Short and long term memory loss
Slowed ability to process information
Difficulty organizing and planning ahead
Poor judgment
Inability to do more than one thing at a time
Lack of initiating or starting activities
Easily distracted
Disoriented or confused to surroundings
Shorter attention span
Repeatedly says or thinks the same thing
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25
Q

conditions that might have a cognition deficit

A 
Traumatic brain injury
Stroke
Brain hemorrhage
Brain tumors
Anoxia
Excessive and prolonged alcohol use
MS
PD
AD
AIDS
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26
Q

In the brain, when a pathway is damaged, the brain tries to find a new route to communicate this is called…

A

NEUROPLASTICITY

27
Q

information processing need to have these skills..

A 
Comparing
Categorizing
Determining relationships
Logical reasoning
Flexibility of thinking
28
Q

define Metacognition

A

knowledge of own thinking processes. Includes thoughts about what one knows and does not know

29
Q

what is cognitive rehab?

A

focuses on the attainment of cognitive skills (attention, memory, problem solving etc.) lost or altered as a result of neurological trauma

30
Q

when working with a client with a cognition dissability its important too..

A

Simple instructions (avoid verbal bombardment)
Reduce distractions
Make sure tasks are meaningful to client
Make sure client understands directions (may ask them to demo)
Repeat directions as needed, but only when needed
Encourage client to ask questions
Be specific, and encourage task repetition
Recognize that progress may be slower

31
Q

what are common pinch and grasp patterns?

A 
Tip to tip
Pad to pad
Tripod
Lateral pinch
Cylindrical grasp
Spherical grasp
Hook grasp
Bilateral palmar grasp
32
Q

what is tip to tip pinch and an example

A

The tip of the thumb to the tip of the index (and sometimes middle finger).
ex: picking up a paperclip or contact lense

33
Q

what is pad to pad pinch and an example

A

Pad of the index finger opposes with pad of thumb
Provides a lot of sensory information, used to explore texture, resistance
ex: picking up small items

34
Q

which pinch is most common?

A

tripod

35
Q

what is the tripod pinch and an example

A

Use of the pads of the thumb and index and middle.

ex: holding a pencil

36
Q

what is the lateral pinch and an example

A

The pad of the thumb against the lateral side of the index finger
ex: turning a key in a door

37
Q

which is the strongest pinch?

A

lateral pinch

38
Q

what is a cylindrical grasp and an example?

A

Fingers wrap around and fold towards hand as if holding a dowel
ex: holding a hammer

39
Q

what is a spherical grasp and an example?

A

Palm cupped, wrist extended
Fingers rounded and spread apart
Wide thumb web-space
ex: holding a tennis ball

40
Q

what is hook grasp and an example

A 
Fingers flexed into palm
MCPs may be in some flexion
Thumb not important in this grasp
Wrist fairly neutral
ex: holding/hanging a grocery bag
41
Q

what is bilateral palmar grasp and an example

A

Both hands open
Fingers spread apart
Wide-web space
ex: holding a basket ball

42
Q

division of function on the hand: radial side for..

A

manipulation and dexterity

43
Q

division of function on the hand: ulnar side for..

A

power and stability

44
Q

normal hand function requires…

A

strong tissue repairs, with free gliding between structures/tissues, and good sensation.

45
Q

define Neurapraxia

A

contusion or bruising of the nerve. Full recovery in days or weeks.

46
Q

define Axontmesis

A

nerve fibres distal to the injury degenerate, but nerve is still in continuity.

47
Q

define Neurotmesis

A

complete laceration of the nerve. Usually repaired micro surgically. Recovery is unpredictable

48
Q

radial nerve injury

A

most commonly injured in upper arm.
Results in wrist drop and MP joint extension
Rx with a wrist extension splint and ROM exercises.

49
Q

median nerbe injury

A

often called the eyes of the hand (provides sensation to much of the palmar hand surface)
distal injuries- loss of thumb ABD and OPP. Wasting of thenar eminence.
Rx- thumb opposition splint.

50
Q

ulnar nerve injury

A

Injury in the forearm results in hyperextension of the MCPJs of the ring and small finger (clawing).
Rx- MCP extension block splint for D4 and D5.
Educate client about risk of burns and injury

51
Q

tendon gliding sequence

A

Straight fingers
Hook
Straight fist
Gentle full fist

52
Q

thermal burns

A

Most common. Exposure or contact with flame, hot liquids, steam, tar or hot objects.

53
Q

chemical burns

A

Caused by tissue contact with strong acids, alkalis, or organic compounds. Example: Lye, drain cleaners,

54
Q

electrical burns

A

Caused by heat that is generated by electrical energy as it passes through the body. Exit, and Entry wounds visible.

55
Q

radiation burns

A

sunburn; x-rays

56
Q

cold exposure-frostbite

A

Damage occurs to the skin and underlying tissues when ice crystals puncture the cells

57
Q

What is eschar?

A

dead epidermis and necrotic dermis that remain attached to the wound bed

58
Q

How is it determined when to graft?

A

When healing is expected to exceed 3 weeks

59
Q

What is a hypertrophic scar?

A

A red hard collagenous scar. Usually begin to appear after 6 to 8 weeks post healing

60
Q

How can the scarring process lead to joint contracture

A

Normal wounds heal by contracture. The new collagen fibres from and shorten, pulling the skin and across joints.
This process can take place over months and years.

61
Q

ms treatment goals

A 
Maintain functional status
Maintain strength, endurance, coordination, ROM, 
Maintain ADLs and mobility
Prevent contractures and decubiti
Maintain work and leisure pursuits
62
Q

Paraffin is a superficial heating agent that transfers heat through…

A

dirrect contact (conduction)

63
Q

benefits of paraffin trrewtment…

A

provides circumferential, moist heat

64
Q

contraindications for paraffin wax treeatment

A 
Open cuts and wounds, 
inflammatory skin conditions,
 impaired circulation, 
acute inflammation, 
acute arthritic joint flare-ups, 
oedema, 
malignancies
 sensory impairment.
Always check first with the therapist before beginning treatment.

OTA 2 (2 decks)

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