Final Exam Study Flashcards
what 2 factors contribute to partial pressure of a gas in a mixture
% of concentration, and ambient barometric pressure (mmHg)
what are partial pressures of alveolar O2 and CO2 under normal conditions at sea level?
during heavy exercise?
PAO2 = 100mmHg
PACO2 = 40mmHg
during exercise
PAO2 = slight increase
PACO2 = decrease
what are partial pressures of arterial O2 and CO2 under normal conditions at sea level
during heavy exercise?
PaO2 = 95-100mmHg
(slightly lower than alveolar due to A-a oxygen difference)
PaCO2 = 40mmHg
during exercise
PaO2 = slight increase
PaCO2 = decrease
what are partial pressures of venous O2 and CO2 under normal conditions at sea level
during heavy exercise?
PvO2 = 40mmHg
PvCO2 = 45mmHg
during exercise
PvO2 = large decrease
PvCO2 = large decrease
what percent of CO2 is carried in each form in the blood stream
3 forms
70% bicarbonate
20% bound to Hb
10% dissolved in plasma
what causes the Bohr effect
The Bohr effect is a decrease in oxygen-hemoglobin association
increase in blood CO2 means lower pH, so oxygen is released from hemoglobin.
other factors are Increased temperature. Increased 2-3 Diphosphoglycerate as 2-3DPG competes for oxygen slots on hemoglobin
what as anatomical and physiological dead space
anatomical deadspace refers to air left in lung in areas that do not exchange gas (bronchi, etc)
physiological dead space is the TOTAL dead space in lungs, gas exchanging or not.
which parts of the brain contain the BREATHING centres
Pons and Medulla Oblongata
what does erythropoieten do
stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells
produced in kidneys
what do cytokines do
coordinate immune cell function
produced at white blood cells
what does glucagon do
causes liver to release glucose into the bloodstream
produces in pancreas
what does thyroxine do
regulates metabolic rate
what does leptin do
regulates food intake
produced in adipose tissue
what does corticotrophin releasing hormone do
causes anterior pituitary to release ACTH
produced in hypothalamus
what does cortisol do
stress response, effects immune function, catabolic to muscle tissue
produced in adrenal cortex
what does epinephrine do
causes increase in heart rate and myocardial contractility
produced in adrenal medulla
what does insulin growth factor-1 do
anabolic to muscle tissue
produced in liver
what does antidiuretic hormone do
causes kidneys to reabsorb more water from glomerular filtrate
produced in posterior pituitary
where is calcitonin produced
thyroid gland
at rest, what are the starting and ending values of O2 when passing thru muscle tissue
starting ~95mmHG
ending 40mmHg
at rest, what are the starting and ending values of CO2 when passing thru muscle tissue
starting 40mmHg
ending 45mmHg
what is alveolar PAO2 at rest
~104mmHg
during heavy exercise what are the starting and endling values of O2 when passing thru muscle tissue
starting 110mmHg
ending 10mmHg
during heavy exercise what are the starting and endling values of CO2 when passing thru muscle tissue
starting 30mmHg
ending 70mmHg
how much O2 can 1g of Hb carry
about 1.34 ml O2 per 1g Hb
where is the bodies temperature HQ located
hypothalamus
what is the range of core temp in humans
36.1-37.8 Celsius
what is blood pressure resistance determined by
blood viscosity
length and radius of vessel
what is cardiac output (Q)
SV x HR
how many L/min can our heart pump
5-30 L/min
which nerve system gets stimulated during exercise, and what is the result in blood vessel physiology
sympathetic
vasodilation, nitric acid released, blood flow UP
what is cardio anticipatory response
HR and SV and VE (minute ventilation all up
sympathetic hormones up & parasympathetic hormones down
catecholamine (epinephrine) release from adrenal medulla
what is the only physiological metric that goes down with exercise
total peripheral resistance (TPR)
Q, SBP, SV, HR, RPP, VO2 go up
DBP stays the same
what is the only metric that is higher during upper body exercise
SV is higher during upper body exercise due to the presser effect
Q stays the same
HR, BP, TPR, RPP are all lower during lower body exercise
