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KIN 210 Exercise Physiology > 1st Midterm Study > Flashcards

1st Midterm Study Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main enzymes that comprise the anaerobic alactic system

A

mATPase
Creatine Kinase
Myokinase

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2
Q

Where is pyruvate dehydrogenase found in the muscle cell?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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3
Q

How do people respond to creatine supplementation

A

Some people respond well and others respond poorly to Cr supplementation

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4
Q

Why can you not burn fats without some carbohydrate (CHO) being present?

A

Because oxaloacetate (required for the initiation of the TCA cycle) can only be formed from pyruvate, which is derived from CHOs

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5
Q

what are 4 enzymes associated with the lactate system

A

-phosphofructokinase
lactate
-dehydrogenase
-phosphorylase
-hexokinase

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6
Q

activated fatty acids in the sarcoplasm are known as

A

fatty acyl CoA

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7
Q

What is the fate of the majority of lactate produced by the body during heavy exercise?

A

It is used as a fuel by other tissues or adjacent muscle fibers

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8
Q

enzymes that make activated fatty acids are known as

A

fatty acyl CoA synthase

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9
Q

activated fatty acids are shuttled into mitochondria via this shuttle system

A

carnitine

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10
Q

what is the crossover concept as it relates to exercise metabolism

A

At low exercise intensities fat is the dominant fuel source for working muscle. As exercise intensity increases, fats become less important and CHOs become more important.

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11
Q

What amount of ATP is obtainable from glucose in (i) glycolysis only and (ii) complete oxidation via the TCA cycle and ETC?

A

2 and 30

glycogen would produce 3 and 31

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12
Q

The name given to the process whereby fats are utilized for fuel is

A

beta oxidation

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13
Q

what are the 4 main CHO and fat fuel depots in the body

A

-triglyceride stores in adipose tissue
-intramuscular triglyceride
-intramuscular glycogen
-liver glycogen

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14
Q

What is the major challenge when transporting fatty acids in the blood stream? How does the body deal with this?

A

Fatty acids are insoluble in plasma. They are transported in combination with a protein in the blood called albumin.

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15
Q

Name the two major hydrogen (electron) “taxicabs” within the cell. Where do they ultimately “deposit” their electrons?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) & flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD).

NADH + H+ deposits its electrons into complex I and FADH2 into complex II

(this is why the ATP yield from FADH2 is slightly less than NADH + H+).

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16
Q

RER can climb above 1.0 in some cases because:

A

of non metabolic excess CO2 that is generated through bicarbonate buffering in blood plasma

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17
Q

Gas volumes measured during open circuit spirometry must be corrected for:

A

Water vapour content (humidity)

Temperature

Barometric pressure

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18
Q

Can you name the conditions associated with a gas volume expressed as “STPD”. In other words, what constitutes STPD? Why is expressing VO2 & VCO2 in relation to standard conditions necessary?

A

Standard temp = zero degrees celsius

Standard pressure = 760 mmHg (sea level pressure)

Dry = 0% humidity.

VO2 & VCO2 will vary according to different environmental conditions. To enable comparison between studies, standard conditions must be used.

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19
Q

Which of the following substances have been associated with fatigue?

A

Hydrogen ion accumulation

Calcium ion accumulation

Inorganic phosphate accumulation

19
Q

The gross mechanical efficiency (GME) of upper body exercise is _________________ the GME for lower body dominant exercise

A

lower than

20
Q

Fatigue occurs exclusively within the peripheral nervous system and skeletal muscle. (T/F)

A

False

21
Q

Carbohydrates MUST be ingested in order for them to have an ergogenic effect during exercise. (T/F)

A

False! Swilling a carbohydrate solution in the mouth and spitting it out can have an ergogenic effect!

22
Q

what is the rate limiting enzyme of the PCr system

A

Creatine Kinase

22
Q

Which of the following is NOT an enzyme in the Krebs Cycle?

Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

3-HAD

Citrate synthase

A

3-HAD

3 hydroxyl CoA dehydrogenase

23
Q

What are four enzymes associated with the Lactic system

A

Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Lactate dehydrogenase
phosphorylase

24
Q

what is the rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis

A

PFK

25
Q

which enzyme converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA in the presence of oxygen

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

26
Q

what are the products of anaerobic glycolysis

A

2 ATP
2 NADH + H+
2 Pyruvate

27
Q

what are three enzymes associated with the krebs cycle

A

citrate synthase

isocitrate dehydrogenase

alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

28
Q

what does the enzyme citrate synthase do

A

combines acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate into citrate at the beginning stage of the krebs cycle

29
Q

what is the rate limiting enzyme for the krebs cycle

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

(isocitrate –> alpha-ketoglutarate

30
Q

what is the rate limiting enzyme in the electron transport chain

A

cytochrome oxidase

(catalyzes the reduction of O2 and uses subsequent free energy to create a proton gradient across the membrane

31
Q

what are the two activating steps in glycolysis

A

HK and PFK both use 1 ATP

32
Q

what happens to lactate if its not changed back to pyruvate

A

10-25% for gluconeogenesis in liver (cori cycle)

5-10% provide carbon for transamination

33
Q

what does the cori cycle do

A

in the liver, turns lactate into pyruvate into glucose in a process can gluconeogenesis

34
Q

how does the lactic system react to training

A

increase of enzymes HK PFK phosphorylase, lactase dehydrogenase

increase in muscle buffering capacity

increase in glycogen stores

35
Q

what are three metabolites that accrue after exercise

A

H+
Ca2+
Piow

36
Q

quickly can the PCr system recover

A

half time 20-30 seconds

recovery in 2-8 minutes

requires ATP from aerobic system

37
Q

how long to remove lactate from muscle during recovery

A

half time 12-20 mins

recovery in 60 mins

38
Q

how long to remove lactate from blood during recovery

A

half time 15-25 mins

recovery in 60 mins

39
Q

how long to remove H+ from blood during recovery

A

10-20 mins

recovery in 30-60 mins

40
Q

how long to remove H+ from muscle during recovery

A

half time 5-8 mins

recovery in 12-20 mins

41
Q

what are the byproducts of acetyl CoA formation

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase combines acetic acid and coenzyme A.

creates 2 NADH + H+, 2 CO2, 2 acetyl CoA

42
Q

how many FADH and NADH does the krebs cycle produce

A

6 NADH + H+, 2 FADH2
2 ATP
4 CO2

43
Q

what are the products of b-oxidation

A

1 FADH, 1 NADH, 1 acetyl CoA

a 16 carbon fatty acid will produce 106 ATP

KIN 210 Exercise Physiology (2 decks)

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