1st Midterm Study Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main enzymes that comprise the anaerobic alactic system

A

mATPase
Creatine Kinase
Myokinase

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2
Q

Where is pyruvate dehydrogenase found in the muscle cell?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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3
Q

How do people respond to creatine supplementation

A

Some people respond well and others respond poorly to Cr supplementation

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4
Q

Why can you not burn fats without some carbohydrate (CHO) being present?

A

Because oxaloacetate (required for the initiation of the TCA cycle) can only be formed from pyruvate, which is derived from CHOs

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5
Q

what are 4 enzymes associated with the lactate system

A

-phosphofructokinase
lactate
-dehydrogenase
-phosphorylase
-hexokinase

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6
Q

activated fatty acids in the sarcoplasm are known as

A

fatty acyl CoA

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7
Q

What is the fate of the majority of lactate produced by the body during heavy exercise?

A

It is used as a fuel by other tissues or adjacent muscle fibers

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8
Q

enzymes that make activated fatty acids are known as

A

fatty acyl CoA synthase

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9
Q

activated fatty acids are shuttled into mitochondria via this shuttle system

A

carnitine

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10
Q

what is the crossover concept as it relates to exercise metabolism

A

At low exercise intensities fat is the dominant fuel source for working muscle. As exercise intensity increases, fats become less important and CHOs become more important.

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11
Q

What amount of ATP is obtainable from glucose in (i) glycolysis only and (ii) complete oxidation via the TCA cycle and ETC?

A

2 and 30

glycogen would produce 3 and 31

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12
Q

The name given to the process whereby fats are utilized for fuel is

A

beta oxidation

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13
Q

what are the 4 main CHO and fat fuel depots in the body

A

-triglyceride stores in adipose tissue
-intramuscular triglyceride
-intramuscular glycogen
-liver glycogen

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14
Q

What is the major challenge when transporting fatty acids in the blood stream? How does the body deal with this?

A

Fatty acids are insoluble in plasma. They are transported in combination with a protein in the blood called albumin.

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15
Q

Name the two major hydrogen (electron) “taxicabs” within the cell. Where do they ultimately “deposit” their electrons?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) & flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD).

NADH + H+ deposits its electrons into complex I and FADH2 into complex II

(this is why the ATP yield from FADH2 is slightly less than NADH + H+).

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16
Q

RER can climb above 1.0 in some cases because:

A

of non metabolic excess CO2 that is generated through bicarbonate buffering in blood plasma

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17
Q

Gas volumes measured during open circuit spirometry must be corrected for:

A

Water vapour content (humidity)

Temperature

Barometric pressure

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18
Q

Can you name the conditions associated with a gas volume expressed as “STPD”. In other words, what constitutes STPD? Why is expressing VO2 & VCO2 in relation to standard conditions necessary?

A

Standard temp = zero degrees celsius

Standard pressure = 760 mmHg (sea level pressure)

Dry = 0% humidity.

VO2 & VCO2 will vary according to different environmental conditions. To enable comparison between studies, standard conditions must be used.

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19
Q

Which of the following substances have been associated with fatigue?

A

Hydrogen ion accumulation

Calcium ion accumulation

Inorganic phosphate accumulation

19
Q

The gross mechanical efficiency (GME) of upper body exercise is _________________ the GME for lower body dominant exercise

A

lower than

20
Q

Fatigue occurs exclusively within the peripheral nervous system and skeletal muscle. (T/F)

21
Q

Carbohydrates MUST be ingested in order for them to have an ergogenic effect during exercise. (T/F)

A

False! Swilling a carbohydrate solution in the mouth and spitting it out can have an ergogenic effect!

22
Q

what is the rate limiting enzyme of the PCr system

A

Creatine Kinase

22
Q

Which of the following is NOT an enzyme in the Krebs Cycle?

Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

3-HAD

Citrate synthase

A

3-HAD

3 hydroxyl CoA dehydrogenase

23
What are four enzymes associated with the Lactic system
Hexokinase Phosphofructokinase Lactate dehydrogenase phosphorylase
24
what is the rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis
PFK
25
which enzyme converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA in the presence of oxygen
pyruvate dehydrogenase
26
what are the products of anaerobic glycolysis
2 ATP 2 NADH + H+ 2 Pyruvate
27
what are three enzymes associated with the krebs cycle
citrate synthase isocitrate dehydrogenase alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
28
what does the enzyme citrate synthase do
combines acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate into citrate at the beginning stage of the krebs cycle
29
what is the rate limiting enzyme for the krebs cycle
isocitrate dehydrogenase (isocitrate --> alpha-ketoglutarate
30
what is the rate limiting enzyme in the electron transport chain
cytochrome oxidase (catalyzes the reduction of O2 and uses subsequent free energy to create a proton gradient across the membrane
31
what are the two activating steps in glycolysis
HK and PFK both use 1 ATP
32
what happens to lactate if its not changed back to pyruvate
10-25% for gluconeogenesis in liver (cori cycle) 5-10% provide carbon for transamination
33
what does the cori cycle do
in the liver, turns lactate into pyruvate into glucose in a process can gluconeogenesis
34
how does the lactic system react to training
increase of enzymes HK PFK phosphorylase, lactase dehydrogenase increase in muscle buffering capacity increase in glycogen stores
35
what are three metabolites that accrue after exercise
H+ Ca2+ Piow
36
quickly can the PCr system recover
half time 20-30 seconds recovery in 2-8 minutes requires ATP from aerobic system
37
how long to remove lactate from muscle during recovery
half time 12-20 mins recovery in 60 mins
38
how long to remove lactate from blood during recovery
half time 15-25 mins recovery in 60 mins
39
how long to remove H+ from blood during recovery
10-20 mins recovery in 30-60 mins
40
how long to remove H+ from muscle during recovery
half time 5-8 mins recovery in 12-20 mins
41
what are the byproducts of acetyl CoA formation
pyruvate dehydrogenase combines acetic acid and coenzyme A. creates 2 NADH + H+, 2 CO2, 2 acetyl CoA
42
how many FADH and NADH does the krebs cycle produce
6 NADH + H+, 2 FADH2 2 ATP 4 CO2
43
what are the products of b-oxidation
1 FADH, 1 NADH, 1 acetyl CoA a 16 carbon fatty acid will produce 106 ATP