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Final Exam Study Flashcards

1
Q

The clinical practice of psychology is

A

the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems

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2
Q

Scientific research is relevant to clinical practice because it provides

A

detailed and accurate knowledge about psychological problems and establishes whether treatments are effective

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3
Q

What characteristics must scientific claims possess?

A

They must be falsifiable

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4
Q

Which method of acquiring knowledge involves using logic and reasoning to arrive at conclusions?

A

Rationalism

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5
Q

What is the first and most basic goal of science?

A

to describe phenomena through careful observations

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6
Q

What distinguishes clinical psychologists from experimental psychologists?

A

Clinical psychologists focus on diagnosing and treating psychological disorders, while experimental psychologists focus on conducting scientific research

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7
Q

Theory vs. hypothesis

A

a theory is broad in nature and explains larger bodies of data while a hypothesis is more specific and makes a prediction about the outcome of a particular study

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8
Q

Psychologists use the hypothetico-deductive method meaning they

A

construct theories to explain or interpret phenomena, derive hypotheses from these theories, test the hypotheses, then reevaluate the theories in light of new results

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9
Q

A sample is

A

a small subset of a larger population that is selected to participate in the research study

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10
Q

Experimental research designs invole

A

manipulation of an independent variable to observe the effects on a measured dependent variable

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11
Q

Non-experimental research designs involve

A

measuring variables as they naturally occur (without manipulation)

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12
Q

Internal and external validity of laboratory experiments

A

Laboratory experiments have a higher internal validity (allow us to make strong causal conclusions) but lower external validity

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13
Q

Internal and External Validity of Field Studies

A

Field studies tend to have more external validity (allow us to generalize the real world) but a bit less internal validity

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14
Q

The mode, mean, and median are

A

measures of central tendence used to describe the typical, average, or center scores in a distribution

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15
Q

The range, standard deviation, and variance are measures of

A

how dispersed or spread apart the scores are

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16
Q

Inferential statistics allow researchers to determine

A

whether their findings are statistically significant; whether they are unlikely to be due to chance alone and therefore are likely to represent a real effect in the population

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17
Q

A type I error is

A

concluding an effect is real when it is not (false positive)

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18
Q

A type II error is

A

Concluding there is no effect when there is an effect (false negative)

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19
Q

Correlational research focuses on

A

the statistical relationship between variables that are measured but not manipulated

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20
Q

Observational reserach focuses on

A

observation of participants and their behavior without interference from the researcher

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21
Q

In general, experimental research is ___ in internal validity

A

high

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22
Q

Correlational research is ____ in internal validity

A

low

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23
Q

what is the primary difference between experimental and non-experimental research?

A

experimental research involves manipulating an independent variable, while non-experimental research does not

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24
Q

Non-experimental research is preferred over experimental research when

A

the research question relates to a single variable rather than a statistical relationship between two variables

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25
How is the strength and direction of correlation typically interpreted?
By cal ulating Pearson's correlation coefficient
26
What is the difference between simple regression and multiple regression?
simple regression predicts one variable from another, while multiple regression predicts an outcome from several predictors
27
How does qualitative research differ from quantitative research in psychology?
Qualtitative research starts with a less focused research question and collects unfiltered data, while quantitative research starts with a focused question and collects numerical data
28
What are the strengths of qualitative research compared to quantitative research?
Qualitative research can generate new and interesting research questions and provide a detailed description of behavior
29
What is a key ethical consideration when conducting naturalistic observation>
Obtaining informed consent from participants
30
Structured observation is distinguished by
a focus on specific behaviors in a controlled setting
31
One benefit of using case studies in research is
providing insights into rare conditions or phenomena
32
Most survey research is ____ in nature
non-experimental; used to describe variables or measure statistical relationships between variables
33
Responding to a survey item is
a complex cognitive process
34
Sampling bias occurs when
a sample is selected in such a way that it is not representative of the population and therefore produces inaccurate results
35
What are two important characteristics of survey research?
Self-reports and sampling
36
How do survey researchers measure variables of interested?
using self-reports
37
What are the cognitive processes involved in responding to a survey item, according to the cognitive model presented in the text?
Interpretation, retrieval, judgement formation, response formatting, and editing
38
When is it appropriate to use open-ended questionnaire items?
when researchers want to avoid influencing respondents' answers
39
What is a Likert scale, and how is it used in survey research?
a scale used to measure the intensity of agreement or disagreement with several statements, providing a score representing the attitude towards a person, group, or idea
40
Simple random sampling is an example of
probability sampling
41
What is the purpose of a sampling frame?
to serve as a list of all members of the population
42
What method is especially useful for surveys involving face-to-face interviewing?
clustered sampled
43
An extraneous variable is
any variable other than the independent and dependent variables
44
A confound is
an extraneous variable that varies systematically with the independent variable
45
Experimental research on the experimental of a treatment requires both a
treatment condition and a control condition
46
Studies are high in internal validity to the extent that
the way they are conducted supports the conclusion that the independent variable caused any observed difference in the dependent variable
47
Experiments are generally high in internal validity because of
the manipulation of the IV and control of extraneous variables
48
Studies are high in external validity to the extent that
the research can be generalized to people and situations beyond those actually studied
49
What is the primary goal of an experiment?
to establish a causal relationship
50
How do researchers control extraneous variables in an experiment?
by holding them constant
51
What is a confounding variable?
an extraneous variable that varies systematically with the independent variable
52
What is the purpose of a control condition in an experiment?
to provide a baseline for comparison with the treatment condition
53
What is the primary difference between between-subjects and within-subjects experiments
the way participants experience the independent variable
54
How do researchers prioritize the four big validities (internal, external, construct, and statistical) when designing an experiment?
by balancing and considering trade-offs among the four validities
55
Statistical validity is threatened when
the statistical analysis is not appropriate for the data and design of the study
56
Which method of acquiring knowledge involves using logic and reasoning to reach conclusions?
Rationalism
57
Construct validity is concerned with
the ability of an experiment to measure the intended construct
58
Components of the scientific method
Objectivity Confirmation of findings Self-correction Control Experiment
59
Independent variable (definition)
what the experimenter directly manipulates to determine its influence on behavior
60
Dependent variable (definition)
a response or behavior that the experimenter measures
61
Extraneous variable (definition)
undesired variables that may operate to influence the dependent variable and thus invalidate an experiment
62
What term is used to describe holding variables constant to minimize their influence?
control
63
A scientist wants to investigate the effects of different types of music on plant growth. One group of plants is exposed to classical music for a certain duration each day, while another group is exposed to rock music for the same duration. The scientist measures the height of the plants at the end of the experiment to determine if music type affects their growth Identify the IV, DV, and EV
IV: type of music exposed to DV: height EV: volume
64
Steps of Conducting a Research Study
identify the problem review previous findings consider theoretical issues develop hypothesis research design conduct experiment data analysis decisions in terms of past research preparation of research report Share Report
65
A hypothesis should be
testable a synthetic statement (true/false) can be directional or non-directional
66
Descriptive methods (definition)
a type of nonexperimental method that does not involve manipulation of an IV (e.g. archival studies, observational studies, case studies)
67
Correlational studies (Definition)
looks at the relationship between two or more continuous variables
68
Ex post facto (definition)
nonexperimental method using preexisting independent variables (e.g. gender)
69
Tools for collecting self-reported data
surveys, questionnaires, tests, and inventories
70
What is a characteristic of case studies?
they provide a detail analysis of individuals
71
Types of experimental validity
content validity concurrent validity criterion validity
72
Types of experiment reliability
test-retest split-half
73
Samples need to be ___ of the population of interest
representative
74
Sampling without replacement (definition)
selecting a sample where every individual has an equal chance of being chose, and one selected, they are not returned to the population before the next selection
75
Simple-strata (definition)
looking at a single stratum of the population of interest
76
Cross-sectional research (definition)
comparison of two or more groups during the same, limited period
77
Longitudinal research (definition)
obtaining research data from the same group of individuals (cohort) over an extended period
78
Operational Definitions (definition)
definitions of variables in terms of the operations needed to produce them; how are we defining/measuring something in our experiment
79
Nuisance Variables (definition)
unwanted variables that can cause the variability of scores WITHIN all groups to increase
80
Elimination (definition)
control technique where extraneous variables are completely removed from the experiment
81
Constancy (Definition)
control technique that keeps an extraneous variable constant
82
Balancing (definition)
ensures that all participants receive extraneous variables to the same extent
83
What technique ensures that the order of conditions does not bias the results in within-subject experiments?
counterbalancing
84
Which type of study has high internal validity but typically low external validity?
Laboratory
85
If a research cannot distinguish between the effects of the indepenent variable and the effects of a cultural response set, then the cultural response set is operating as a(n)
extraneous variable
86
Which design involves testing each participant in only one condition?
Between-subjects design
87
Archival research involves
analyzing data collected for another purpose
88
Which level of measurement involves assigning scores using numerical scales in which intervals have the same interpretation throughought?
interval
89
What is the primary goal of reliability in psychological mesurement?
to maintain consistency of scores
90
What does the percentile rank of a score indicated?
how many scores are lower than that score
91
What is the role of the p-value in null hypothesis testing?
it represents the probability of the sample results if the null hypothesis were true (i.e. the percentage that the results were due to chance)
92
Which null hypothesis test is used to compare the means of two correlated sample?
dependent-sample t-test
93

PSY 310 (4 decks)

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