Exam 2

Question 1

Response bias

Answer 1

tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a particular directions resulting in biased or distorted data

Question 2

Why might response bias occur?

Answer 2

Participant perceptions
Experimenter expectancies

Question 3

Cross-cultural psychology

Answer 3

seeks to determine whether research results in psychology are universal across culture (etic) or culture-specific (emic)

Question 4

Ways to increase the generalizability of data across cultures

Answer 4

Translate questions and surveys
Recruit and enroll a representative sample group

Question 5

Internal Validity

Answer 5

the extent to which you can be confident that a cause and effect relationship cannot be explained by other factors

Question 6

9 Threats to internal validity

Answer 6

history
maturation
testing
instrumentation
statistical regression
selection
“mortality”
diffusion or imitation of treatment
interactions with selection

Question 7

External Validity

Answer 7

the extent to which the results can be generalized to other contexts, settings, and situations beyond the specific context of the present research; may be used interchangeably with generalizability

Question 8

Generalizability

Answer 8

the extent to which results can be applied to a broader population based on the chosen sample; may be used interchangeably with external validity

Question 9

Threats to external validity

Answer 9

Interaction of testing and treatment (due to methods)
Reliance on college students or white rates
Lack of focus on understanding minority groups (ethnocentrism)

Question 10

Descriptive statistics

Answer 10

summarizes/characterizes data

Question 11

Inferential statistics

Answer 11

helps us draw conclusions about research

Question 12

Scales of measurement

Answer 12

nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio

Question 13

Nominal scale

Answer 13

categories with labels; not ordered

Question 14

Ordinal scale

Answer 14

order; difference cannot be quantified

Question 15

Interval scale

Answer 15

order; exact difference between values

Question 16

Ratio scale

Answer 16

interval scale + absolute zero

Question 17

Mean

Answer 17

average

Question 18

Median

Answer 18

splits distribution in half

Question 19

Mode

Answer 19

value that occurs most often

Question 20

Range

Answer 20

difference between largest and smallest scores

Question 21

Standard Deviation

Answer 21

measures dispersion of data relative to its mean

Question 22

Variance

Answer 22

total amount of variability

Question 23

Variability

Answer 23

the spread around the mean

Question 24

What is the difference between a bar graph and a histogram?

Answer 24

bar graphs represent qualitative data
histograms represent quantitative data

Question 25

To infer things about the population from which our sample was drawn, we must

Answer 25

conduct significance testing

Question 26

Null hypothesis

Answer 26

states there will be no difference between groups or no relationship between variables

Question 27

Experimental Hypothesis

Answer 27

states the stated expected difference between groups or relationship between variables can be directional/non-directional

Question 28

Type I error

Answer 28

falsely accepting the experimental hypothesis/incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis there is no difference between groups but results show there is

Question 29

Type II error

Answer 29

falsely rejecting the experimental hypothesis/incorrectly accepts a null hypothesis there is a difference between groups but the results show there is not

Question 30

What does a statistically significant result mean?

Answer 30

findings would occur rarely due to chance alone, and are likely due to the IV

Question 31

What tells us the significance?

Answer 31

P-value (< .05 is a threshold for statistical significance)

Question 32

Effect size

Answer 32

represents the strength and magnitude of differences regardless of significance

Question 33

Correlation coefficient

Answer 33

statistic of the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two continuous variables

Question 34

Perfect positive correlation

Answer 34

as the scores of one variable increase, the scores of the other variable increase proportionally

Question 35

Perfect negative correlation

Answer 35

as the scores of one variable increase, the scores of the other variable decrease proportionally

Question 36

Zero correlation

Answer 36

as the scores of one variable increase, the scores of the other either increases, decreases, or stays the same without a significant pattern

Question 37

T-test

Answer 37

used to evaluate the difference between the means of two groups

Question 38

Levels of IV

Answer 38

differing amounts or types of IV in a study

Question 39

True Experiment

Answer 39

experimenter directly manipulates IV

Question 40

Ex post facto study

Answer 40

researcher does not manipulate IV, but they can classify or measure the IV because it is preexisting in participants (e.g. gender)

Question 41

Independent groups

Answer 41

created by random assignment or naturally occurring differences in groups

Question 42

Between-subject comparison

Answer 42

contrast between groups that were randomly assigned, or when different participants were classified in different groups

Question 43

Within-subject comparison

Answer 43

a contrast between groups formed of matched pairs, natural pairs, or repeated measures

Question 44

Matched-pairs

Answer 44

participants measured and equated on some variable before experiment

Question 45

Natural pair

Answer 45

naturally occurring pairs such as twins, couples, siblings

Question 46

Repeated measures

Answer 46

the same participants are assessed more than once

Question 47

Ethics in Psychological Research

Answer 47

warrented due to historical incidents of research that were problematic and unethical (e.g. Tuskegee syphilis project)

Question 48

Aside from the physical harm to participants, what has been an unfavorable outcome of unethical experiments that remains an issue today?

Answer 48

cause a great distrust and skepticism in science among the public, especially those of marginalized backgrounds/identities whom were often the participants of these studies

Question 49

How to ensure a study is ethical?

Answer 49

IRB Cost-Benefit Analysis Obtaining Informed Consent

Question 50

Deception

Answer 50

deliberately mislead participants about the nature of the study not fully disclosing all aspects of the study

Question 51

Debriefing

Answer 51

participants are informed about the research question and it is explained why deception was necessary

Question 52

Operation definitions

Answer 52

definitions of variables in terms of the operations needed to produce them needed for replication by other researchers

Question 53

Internal Validity - History

Answer 53

if historical events that may affect the DV occurs between two measures

Question 54

Internal Validity - Maturation

Answer 54

if participants change simply due to the passage of time

Question 55

Internal Validity - Testing

Answer 55

if participants respond differently because they have been tested before

Question 56

Internal Validity - Instrumentation

Answer 56

if instruments or observers change

Question 57

Internal Validity - statistical regression

Answer 57

extreme scores that alter the mean

Question 58

Internal Validity - selection

Answer 58

if groups are selected in a non-equivalent way

Question 59

Internal Validity - "Mortality"

Answer 59

if people drop out at different rates for different conditions

Question 60

Internal Validity - Diffusion of treatments

Answer 60

if participants copy responses from other groups

Question 61

Internal Validity - Interaction with Selection

Answer 61

if groups show differences in another variable

Question 62

Ethnocentrism

Answer 62

reliance on W.E.I.R.D. populations (western, educated, industrial, rich, democratic)

Question 63

The normal distribution is represented by

Answer 63

a bell curve

Question 64

Why is setting a baseline so important?

Answer 64

the critical comparison is between the level of symptoms scores reported during phase A and the level of scores or observations during phase B

Question 65

Positive Illusions

Answer 65

people rate themselves differently than they rate others/general population