Final exam Spring 2024 Flashcards
1
Q
Underneath Pons and controls rate/ depth of breathing center?
A
medulla
2
Q
central chemoreceptors located in?
A
anterolateral medulla
3
Q
CSF pH
A
7.31
4
Q
central chemoreceptors how much percentage of blood gas sensing?
peripheral %?
A
central: 85%
peripheral: 15%
5
Q
how many pairs of carotid bodies? and what nerve is used?
A
2 pairs
glosspharyngeal (IX)
6
Q
list of accessory muscles
A
Internal intercostal muscles
External intercostal muscles
Serratus anterior
Pec minor
Rectus abdominus
external oblique
internal oblique
traverse abdominus
7
Q
how many pairs of aortic bodies? and what nerve is used?
A
3-5 pairs
Vagus nerve (X)
8
Q
Internal intercostal muscles aid in?
External intercostal muscles aid in?
A
internal : expiration
External: inspiration
9
Q
muscle connects to top of sternum and to mastoid process
one on each side
A
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
10
Q
red area?
A
oropharynx
11
Q
area behind the mouth, last part of the nose and extends down
A
Pharynx
12
Q
Lesser Horn?
A
13
Q
Epiglottis
A
14
Q
superior horn?
A
15
Q
Thyrohyoid ligament
A
16
Q
Thyroid cartilage
A
17
Q
inferior horn
A
18
Q
Cricothyroid ligament?
A
19
Q
Laryngeal prominence?
A
20
Q
Cricoid cartilage
A
21
Q
tracheal cartilage?
A
22
Q
cricotracheal ligament?
A
23
Q
hyoid bone?
A
24
Q
foramen for SLA and ILN
A
25
median thyrohyoid ligament
26
Opening that allows for drainage of the middle ear
o One on either side of the body for each ear
Pharyngotympanic tube or Eustachian Canal
27
cells extend from the small airways (alveoli) all the way up to the trachea
ciliated cells
28
majority of blood supplied to nose by?
external carotid artery
29
top of the nose receives blood from?
connected via?
internal carotid artery
via ophthalmic artery
30
curved structure Apart of the maxilla or upper jaw bone
Large and more study
Inferior chonca
31
projections that come off the ethmoid bone
middle and superior concha
32
Projection at the top where the falx cerebri gets anchored to top part of the skull
crista galli
33
red area covered by?
34
blue area covered by?
35
yellow area covered by?
36
Largest cranial nerve in the head
trigeminal nerve (V)
37
nerve covers from larynx to trachea
Vagus nerve (X)
38
Innervates the lower part of the nasopharynx part of the back of the tongue
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
39
o Extension of the soft palate
Uvula
o Extension of the soft palate
40
enlarge palatine tonsil
41
enlarged pharyngeal tonsil
42
which two structures were pointed out in class?
43
which gland shoots saliva
which is largset
sublingual gland
parotid gland
44
which branch of trigeminal nerve covers eyes and forehead sensory
o V1 Ophthalmic branch- eyes and forehead sensory
45
which trigeminal branch covers top, roof of the mouth as well as the nose
V2 Maxillary branch- top, roof of the mouth as well as the nose
46
which trigeminal branch covers majority of the mandible in terms of sensory
V3 Mandibular branch- majority of the mandible in terms of sensory
47
Front 2/3 of the tongues for normal sensory sensation covered by?
Trigeminal Nerve (largely V3 branch),
48
Rear 1/3 of tongue for somatic sensory
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
49
nerve that covers epiglottis
vagus
50
Taste sensation for the back 1/3 of the tongue
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
51
Front 2/3 of taste sensation
Facial nerve (VII)
52
Trachea has some somatic sensory that is taken care of by
Trachea has some somatic sensory that is taken care of by the Vagus Nerve (X)
53
Only continuous cartilage that forms a circle
cricoid cartilage
54
anterior portion of the larynx
Connects thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone
Median thyrohyoid ligament
55
covers more surface area than the other 2 ligaments
Main connecting ligament between the hyoid bone and top of the thyroid cartilage
Thyrohyoid membrane
56
Larynx is suspended by the
Larynx is suspended by the hyoid bone
57
Hyoid bone connected to the thyroid cartilage via 3 ligaments:
median thyrohyoid ligament
thyrohyoid membrane
thyrohyoid ligament
58
Connects the back of the thyroid cartilage to the back of the two points of the hyoid horns via the thyrohyoid ligament
Bilateral superior horns
59
o Extension at the base of the thyroid cartilage; Connects the thyroid cartilage to the cricoid cartilage
o Pivot point
Cricothyroid Joint
60
Ligament/ membrane that connects the thyroid cartilage to the cricocartilage
o Typical site for invasive airway insertions
cricothyroid ligament
61
connects the cricoid cartilage and the trachea
Cricotracheal ligament
62
tracheal length
how much is extrathoracic
11cm -13cm
2-4cm
63
how many tracheal rings?
fused by?
20
annular ligament
64
Right mainstem bronchus angle?
left?
total?
right: 25
left: 45
total: 70
65
space between vocal cords
transglottic space
66
Arytenoid cartilages are seated right on back of the _____
Arytenoid cartilages are seated right on back of the cricoid cartilage
67
arch?
68
articular facet for arytenoid cartilage?
69
articular facet for thyroid cartilage?
70
lamina
71
Connecting point for the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage
articular facet for thyroid cartilage
72
very small pieces of cartilage stuck to the top of each arytenoid cartilage
Corniculate Cartilage
73
Cricothyroid muscle action
tightens the vocal cords; doesn't open/ close Rima Glottis
74
vocalis muscle action
tightens the vocal cords; doesn't open/ close Rima Glottis
75
thyroarytenoid muscle action
contraction adducts the vocal cords; closes Rima Glottis
76
transverse arytenoid muscle
contraction adducts the vocal cords; closes the Rima glottis
77
Smallest of all of the laryngeal muscles
transverse arytenoid muscle
78
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle
Abducts the vocal cords; opens the Rima Glottis
79
Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle- actions
adducts the vocal cords; closes the Rima Glottis
80
Contraction of this muscle rotates the arytenoid in an orientation where the vocal cords get closer together
Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle-
81
1?
cricothyroid muscle
82
2?
vocalis muscle
83
3?
thyroarytenoid muscle
84
4?
Transverse Arytenoid Muscle
85
5?
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle
86
which one has a more medial attachment
Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle or Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle
87
posterior cricoarytenoid?
88
vocalis?
89
lateral cricoarytenoid?
90
6?
Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle
91
transverse arytenoid?
92
Thyroarytenoid?
93
posterior cricoarytenoid?
94
posterior cricoarytenoid?
95
Thyroarytenoid?
96
lateral cricoarytenoid?
97
which muscle?
cricothyroid
98
Left inferior laryngeal nerve- wraps around the?
aortic arch
branch of left recurrent laryngeal nerve
99
Right inferior laryngeal nerve-
wraps around the?
branch of ?
nerve- wraps around the brachiocephalic artery
branch of right recurrent laryngeal nerve
100
Superior laryngeal nerve is branch of?
vagus nerve
101
internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve responsible for?
sensory fx in larynx
102
External branch of superior laryngeal nerve responsible for?
motor fx for muscles outside of larynx
cricothyroid muscles
103
all muscles inside larynx is taken care of by which nerve?
inferior laryngeal nerve
104
acid/base result?
anesthetics/sedatives/paralytics
OD on opiates
Resp acidosis
105
acid/base result?
brainstem injury
Resp acidosis
106
acid/base result?
any procedures using CO2 as insufflation gas
Resp acidosis
107
acid/base result?
Resp acidosis
108
acid/base result?
spinal cord injury
Resp acidosis
109
acid/base result?
Polio/ GBS
Resp acidosis
110
acid/base result?
Botulism/tetanus
Resp acidosis
111
acid/base result?
kyphoscoliosis/obesity
Resp acidosis
112
acid/base result?
pulm fibrosis/sarcoidois
Resp acidosis
113
acid/base result?
pneumothorax
Resp acidosis
114
acid/base result?
pneumonia/pulmonary edema
Resp acidosis
115
acid/base result?
progesterone
Resp alkalosis
116
acid/base result?
COPD/upper airway obstruction
Resp acidosis
117
acid/base result?
acute asthma
Resp alkalosis
more r/t anxiety
118
acid/base result?
high altitudes
Resp alkalosis
Breathing more than we usually do --> decreases CO2 to try and increase amt of O2 in blood
119
acid/base result?
salicylates
Resp alkalosis
and met acidosis
120
acid/base result?
Resp alkalosis
121
acid/base result?
renal dysfunction
met acidosis
122
acid/base result?
anything that forms _______?
hypoxemia, anemia, shock, severe exercise
lactic acidosis
met acidosis
123
acid/base result?
alcoholism
met acidosis
124
acid/base result?
severe vomiting
met acidosis
125
acid/base result?
starvation/diabetes
met acidosis
126
acid/base result?
ingesting methanol/ethanol
met acidosis
127
acid/base result?
ingesting ethylene glycol
met acidosis
128
acid/base result?
ingesting ammonium chloride
met acidosis
129
acid/base result?
diarrhea
met acidosis
130
acid/base result?
overproduction of steroids
met alkalosis
131
acid/base result?
MG
Resp acidosis
132
acid/base result?
diuretics
met alkalosis
133
Metabolic acidosis w/ normal anion gap conditions
diarrhea, pancreatic fluid loss
134
Metabolic acidosis w/ abnormal anion gap conditions
lactic acidosis
methanol/ethanol
135
other negatively charged dissolved compounds making up gap
albumin, phosphate, and sulfate
136
gastric cells can create pH of?
0.8
137
narrowest part of upper airway in adult
vocal cord
138
narrowest part of upper airway in child
cricoid cartilage
139
a connection between the superior and inferior laryngeal nerve.
Galens anastomosis
140
if any suprahyoid muscle contracts, what happens?
when it relaxes?
larynx moves up to the base of the jaw
falls back and closes airway
141
pharyngeal constrictor above larynx
inferior pharyngeal constrictor
142
name suprahyoid muscles
-1a: Anterior belly of the diagastic muscle
-1b:Posterior belly of the diagastic muscle
2.Stylohyoid muscle
3.Mylohyoid muscle
4.Geniohyoid muscle
143
mylohyoid?
144
geniohyoid?
145
muscle connects to the hyoid bone and styloid process
stylohyoid muscle
146
infrahyoid muscles
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid muscle
Sternothyroid muscle:
Thyrohyoid muscle:
147
these muscles are almost continuous with each other
both attach to the same part of the thyroid cartilage.
sternothyroid and thyrohyoid
148
connection halfway to the hyoid bone.
-shorter than the sternohyoid muscle.
Sternothyroid muscle:
149
muscle Connects sternum to hyoid bone
Sternohyoid muscle
150
which muscle is fastened to the top of the chest
loops over the top of the muscle and anchored into rib___
omohyoid muscle
into rib 1
151
posterior belly digastric?
152
anterior belly digastric?
153
thyrohyoid?
154
omohyoid?
155
sternothyroid?
156
nose sensory info by irritant receptors is done through which nerve?
trigeminal nerve (V)
157
where else are irritant receptors located? whats the primary nerve?
trachea, lungs, nose, voice box, larynx
vagus nerve (X)
158
J receptors located where?
activation causes what?
alveolar walls
dyspnea/discomfort
159
pulmonary stretch receptors activated when?
the response?
Vt 1.5- 2L
inhibits further inspiration, shortens Vt and increases respiratory rate
