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BSC 1005 > Final Exam slides 12-14 > Flashcards

Final Exam slides 12-14 Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Gonads produce _________: ovaries and testes

A

sex hormones

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2
Q

androgen hormones

A

estrogen, testosterone

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3
Q

1 pair of sex chromosomes - female or male

A

XX or XY

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4
Q

of pairs of autosomes that are present in both males and females

A

22

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5
Q

why do some genetic conditions affect sons more than daughters?

A

Because gene is located on either of sex chromos., daughters and sons don’t share the same probability of inheriting

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6
Q

Boys have a ________ probability of inheriting __-linked diseases than girls

A

higher, X

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7
Q

pedigree

A

visual representation of the occurrence of phenotypes across generations

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8
Q

incomplete dominance

A

when heterozygotes have a phenotype that is intermediate between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive

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9
Q

codominance

A

both maternal and paternal alleles contribute equally and separately to the phenotype (3 alleles, 6 genotypes, 4 phenotypes)

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10
Q

polygenic trait

A

single trait determined by the interaction between alleles of more than one gene

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11
Q

continuous variation

A

range of variable phenotypes (spectrum) rather than discrete categories (blood type)

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12
Q

multifactorial trait

A

interactions between gene(s) and environment contributes to a phenotype

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13
Q

examples of multifactorial traits

A

stress and mental development, serotonin transport, clinical depression

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14
Q

sex determination has _________, _______, ________, and _______ aspects

A

genetic, hormonal, anatomical, and behavioral

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15
Q

staphylococcus aureus

A

infectious bacterium that kills 19k per year in the US and is difficult to treat with antibiotics due to drug-resistant strains

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16
Q

antibiotics

A

chemicals that kill or slow bacterial growth by interfering with the function of essential bacterial cell structures

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17
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

acquiring random mutations during asexual reproduction or gene transfer; occurs when code for proteins alters shapes and antibiotics cannot bind and/or enzymes chew up antibiotics

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18
Q

binary fission

A

one parental cell into two daughter cells mutation replicated and passed down

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19
Q

4 conditions for a trait in a population to evolve

A
  1. trait is heritable
  2. genetic variation in the trait w/in the population
  3. variation in fitness w/in the population
  4. individual fitness varies depending on the trait
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20
Q

populations

A

evolve by natural selection

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21
Q

adaption

A

survival in response to environmental pressure

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22
Q

directional selection

A

predominant phenotype shifts in a particular direction

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23
Q

stabilizing selection

A

phenotypes of population settle near middle of range

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24
Q

disruptive selection

A

phenotypes of population are at both extremes of range

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25
natural selection's 4 tenets
variation, heritability, variation in reproductive success, and trait confers altered reproductive success
26
early exposure to microbes shapes _________ ________ and _______ _______. (ex: acne, eczema)
immune system, natural microbiome
27
scientific theory
statement providing the current best explanation of how the universe works that is supported by lots of evidence and withstands repeated experimental tests
28
microevolution
changes that occur w/in a biological population and are easily observed
29
macroevolution
large-scale evolutionary changes that result in the origin of new species over long periods of time
30
allele frequency
the relative proportion of an allele in a population
31
genetic drift
change in allele frequencies between generations that occurs purely by chance
32
founder effect
a small group forms a new population because alleles in gene pool are the only ones available to the new population
33
bottleneck effect
a random event kills all but a subset of the population and surviving alleles become new gene pool
34
gene flow
the introduction of genetic material (by interbreeding) from one population of a species to another
35
increase genetic diversity by...
mutation or gene flow
36
inbreeding
mating by closely related individuals; increases homozygous individuals
37
ecological isolation
different environments for reproduction
38
temporal isolation
mating or fertile at different times
39
behavioral isolation
different mating rituals/activities
40
mechanical isolation
mating organs are incompatible
41
gametic isolation
gametes cannot unite
42
hybrid inviability
gametes unite but offspring die after fertilization
43
hybrid infertility
offsprings cannot reproduce
44
hybridization
hybrids swamp parent species' gene pools through introgression
45
speciation
genetic divergence of populations, leading over time to reproductive isolation and the formation of new species
46
theory of evolution
all species present on Earth today are descendants of a single common ancestor, and all species represent the product of millions of years of accumulated evolutionary changes
47
charles darwin
collected diverse animals/plants
48
linnean classification
organizes biological diversity and implies common ancestry
49
carl von linne
gave each species a two-part Latin name
50
homologous structures
similar anatomy
51
developmental homology
similarities in embryo/early development
52
vestigial structures
useless structures are inherited from an ancestor in whom they did serve a funciton
53
relative dating
determine age of the fossil from its position relative to layers of rocks or fossils of known age
54
radiometric dating
use radioactive isotopes as a measure of age
55
molecular clock
estimates the rate of change in DNA sequence
56
harold urey and stanley miller
hypothesized that they could synthesize organic molecules by replicating the chemical environment of early Earth
57
adaptive radiation
explosion of new species formed when niches open up
58
punctuated equilibrium
periodic bursts of species change as a result of sudden environmental change
59
convergent evolution
organisms that are not closely related evolve similar adaptations as a result of independent episodes of natural selection
60
bipedal
first transitional mosaic link from apes to humans
61
evolution of humans
bipedalism, loss of body hair, development of sweat glands, levels of melanin

BSC 1005 (2 decks)

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