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BSC 1005 > Final Exam slides 12-14 > Flashcards

Final Exam slides 12-14 Flashcards

1
Q

Gonads produce _________: ovaries and testes

A

sex hormones

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2
Q

androgen hormones

A

estrogen, testosterone

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3
Q

1 pair of sex chromosomes - female or male

A

XX or XY

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4
Q

of pairs of autosomes that are present in both males and females

A

22

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5
Q

why do some genetic conditions affect sons more than daughters?

A

Because gene is located on either of sex chromos., daughters and sons don’t share the same probability of inheriting

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6
Q

Boys have a ________ probability of inheriting __-linked diseases than girls

A

higher, X

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7
Q

pedigree

A

visual representation of the occurrence of phenotypes across generations

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8
Q

incomplete dominance

A

when heterozygotes have a phenotype that is intermediate between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive

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9
Q

codominance

A

both maternal and paternal alleles contribute equally and separately to the phenotype (3 alleles, 6 genotypes, 4 phenotypes)

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10
Q

polygenic trait

A

single trait determined by the interaction between alleles of more than one gene

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11
Q

continuous variation

A

range of variable phenotypes (spectrum) rather than discrete categories (blood type)

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12
Q

multifactorial trait

A

interactions between gene(s) and environment contributes to a phenotype

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13
Q

examples of multifactorial traits

A

stress and mental development, serotonin transport, clinical depression

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14
Q

sex determination has _________, _______, ________, and _______ aspects

A

genetic, hormonal, anatomical, and behavioral

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15
Q

staphylococcus aureus

A

infectious bacterium that kills 19k per year in the US and is difficult to treat with antibiotics due to drug-resistant strains

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16
Q

antibiotics

A

chemicals that kill or slow bacterial growth by interfering with the function of essential bacterial cell structures

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17
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

acquiring random mutations during asexual reproduction or gene transfer; occurs when code for proteins alters shapes and antibiotics cannot bind and/or enzymes chew up antibiotics

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18
Q

binary fission

A

one parental cell into two daughter cells mutation replicated and passed down

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19
Q

4 conditions for a trait in a population to evolve

A
  1. trait is heritable
  2. genetic variation in the trait w/in the population
  3. variation in fitness w/in the population
  4. individual fitness varies depending on the trait
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20
Q

populations

A

evolve by natural selection

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21
Q

adaption

A

survival in response to environmental pressure

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22
Q

directional selection

A

predominant phenotype shifts in a particular direction

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23
Q

stabilizing selection

A

phenotypes of population settle near middle of range

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24
Q

disruptive selection

A

phenotypes of population are at both extremes of range

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25
Q

natural selection’s 4 tenets

A

variation, heritability, variation in reproductive success, and trait confers altered reproductive success

26
Q

early exposure to microbes shapes _________ ________ and _______ _______. (ex: acne, eczema)

A

immune system, natural microbiome

27
Q

scientific theory

A

statement providing the current best explanation of how the universe works that is supported by lots of evidence and withstands repeated experimental tests

28
Q

microevolution

A

changes that occur w/in a biological population and are easily observed

29
Q

macroevolution

A

large-scale evolutionary changes that result in the origin of new species over long periods of time

30
Q

allele frequency

A

the relative proportion of an allele in a population

31
Q

genetic drift

A

change in allele frequencies between generations that occurs purely by chance

32
Q

founder effect

A

a small group forms a new population because alleles in gene pool are the only ones available to the new population

33
Q

bottleneck effect

A

a random event kills all but a subset of the population and surviving alleles become new gene pool

34
Q

gene flow

A

the introduction of genetic material (by interbreeding) from one population of a species to another

35
Q

increase genetic diversity by…

A

mutation or gene flow

36
Q

inbreeding

A

mating by closely related individuals; increases homozygous individuals

37
Q

ecological isolation

A

different environments for reproduction

38
Q

temporal isolation

A

mating or fertile at different times

39
Q

behavioral isolation

A

different mating rituals/activities

40
Q

mechanical isolation

A

mating organs are incompatible

41
Q

gametic isolation

A

gametes cannot unite

42
Q

hybrid inviability

A

gametes unite but offspring die after fertilization

43
Q

hybrid infertility

A

offsprings cannot reproduce

44
Q

hybridization

A

hybrids swamp parent species’ gene pools through introgression

45
Q

speciation

A

genetic divergence of populations, leading over time to reproductive isolation and the formation of new species

46
Q

theory of evolution

A

all species present on Earth today are descendants of a single common ancestor, and all species represent the product of millions of years of accumulated evolutionary changes

47
Q

charles darwin

A

collected diverse animals/plants

48
Q

linnean classification

A

organizes biological diversity and implies common ancestry

49
Q

carl von linne

A

gave each species a two-part Latin name

50
Q

homologous structures

A

similar anatomy

51
Q

developmental homology

A

similarities in embryo/early development

52
Q

vestigial structures

A

useless structures are inherited from an ancestor in whom they did serve a funciton

53
Q

relative dating

A

determine age of the fossil from its position relative to layers of rocks or fossils of known age

54
Q

radiometric dating

A

use radioactive isotopes as a measure of age

55
Q

molecular clock

A

estimates the rate of change in DNA sequence

56
Q

harold urey and stanley miller

A

hypothesized that they could synthesize organic molecules by replicating the chemical environment of early Earth

57
Q

adaptive radiation

A

explosion of new species formed when niches open up

58
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

periodic bursts of species change as a result of sudden environmental change

59
Q

convergent evolution

A

organisms that are not closely related evolve similar adaptations as a result of independent episodes of natural selection

60
Q

bipedal

A

first transitional mosaic link from apes to humans

61
Q

evolution of humans

A

bipedalism, loss of body hair, development of sweat glands, levels of melanin

BSC 1005 (2 decks)

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