Final Exam Review (In Class) Flashcards
Why do we consider water to be a “polar” molecule?
The oxygen has strong electronegativity in water
What is matter?
anything that takes up space and has mass
What is an element?
matter that cannot be broken down
what are the core elements of life?
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
What are polar molecules?
electrons are shared unequally (partial charge)
What is a non-polar molecule
electrons are shared equally (no charge)
What type of fatty acid is liquid at room temperature with kinks in the hydrocarbon tails?
unsaturated fatty acids
What causes kinks in hydrocarbon tails?
Double bond
What is a dehydration reaction?
A reaction that builds a polymer by removing water
What is a hydrolysis reaction
a reaction that uses water to take apart a polymer making monomers
What functional groups build an amino acid
Carboxyl group
amino group
R side chain
What is the N-terminus of a polypeptide
Amino end of an amino acid
what is the C-terminus of a polypeptide?
Carboxyl end of an amino acid
What are the levels of protein structures
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary (sometimes)
What happens during the quaternary level
Tertiary structures coming together
What are phospholipids
2 fatty acids containing a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
What does amphipathic mean?
When a molecule has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic tails
What has to be true about about molecules that want to travel across a membrane without using proteins or ATP
- molecules must be small and nonpolar
- molecules must be traveling down their concentration gradient
What is the nucleus?
a part of the eukaryotic cell that contains most of the cell’s DNA
what is the nuclear envelope
structure that protects the nucleus
what are nuclear pores
structures that regulate transport of molecules in/out of the nucleus
What makes up cell membranes
phospholipids
What is active transport
uses energy (ATP) to move molecules up the concentration gradient
What are redox reactions used for in cellular respiration
to create high energy electron carriers to make an electrochemical gradient
