Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Growth & Development > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

0
Q

What is Solitary Play?

A

Play in social exchange and independently. The child may be in a group, but will be playing on their own.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is the key variable used to measure motor learning?

A

Consistency
Efficiency
Flexibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Onlooker Play?

A

Child watches others play.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Parallel Play?

A

Children play in the same vicinity and may be engaged in similar tasks (without interracting).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Associate Play?

A

Little organization to play:

Children follow each other in a line, borrow toys, and demonstrate toys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

At what age should you expect to see children engage in parallel play?

A

Approximately 2 years old.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

At what age should you expect to see children engage in Associate Play?

A

Approximately 2 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Cooperative Play?

A

Social interaction and group activity

Ex: Play Dates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Fantasy Play?

A

Child uses props, dresses, up etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the benefit of Fantasy Play?

A

It is good for role play in a “safe” environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

At what age should you expect to see children engage in Fantasy Play?

A

Preschool Age (1-5 years)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Constructive Play?

A

The making and building of things.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the relationship between Constructive Play and child development?

A

It parallels fine motor and manipulation development and skills.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

At what age should you expect to see children engage in constructive play?

A

Approximately 3-4 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

At what age should you expect to see children engage in games with rules?

A

6-8 Years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

At what age should you expect rough-and-tumble play to be common?

A

6-8 Years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

At what age do permanent teeth begin to replace baby teeth?

A

6-8 Years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

At what age does a child’s writing begin to increase - preparing to master cursive writing?

A

6-8 Years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

At what age do children’s drawings become more organized and detailed, including some depth cues?

A

6-8 Years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What age range is generally seen in Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage?

A

7-11 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What cognitive change(s) is/are seen during the Concrete Operational Stage?

A

Thought is more logical, flexible, and organized than it was earlier.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Reversibility?

A

The capacity to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction, returning to the starting point.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Seriation?

A

The ability to order items along a quantitative dimension, such as length or weight.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are cognitive maps?

A

Mental representations of familiar large-scale spaces, such as a neighborhood or school.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What 2 arousal states do newborns demonstrate?

A

Sleep & Survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is Haptic Perception?

A

Active memory of touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What age should you expect a child to demonstrate self-recognition?

A

2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Tactile Defensiveness?

A

Inappropriate responses to tactile stimuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why would a child demonstrate tactile defensiveness?

A

Typically, it is an avoidance or protective response.

It may lead to selective choices of food/clothing, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How can tactile defensiveness adversely affect a child’s development?

A

It can affect hand skills, self-care, and social skill development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is Sensory Integration?

A

A combining of sensory information to allow for accurate categorization of perceptual information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a reflex?

A

An obligatory response to stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is integration in relationship to reflexes?

A

A reflex is not predictable or no longer the preferred pattern
It occurs to allow more complex and mature neuromotor patterns to devleop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a Developmental Delay?

A

Failure to fall within the normal ranges of milestone development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is Abnormal Development?

A

An infant may be in the low range of milestones but the performance of the task is poor.

35
Q

What is Self-Efficacy?

A

A child’s belief in his/her personal power to change things.

36
Q

Changes are seen in what 4 basic motor capacities during middle childhood?

A

Flexibility
Balance
Agility
Force

37
Q

What is Visual Acuity?

A

The ability to focus the eyes to distinguish details.

38
Q

What is Body Schema?

A

An internalized sense of the space that a body fills.

Ex: Will I fit in the laundry basket?

39
Q

What is Spacial Awareness?

A

Understanding of near and far space

Ex: Tossing a ball into a basket

40
Q

What is Temporal Organization?

A

Orderly sequencing of tasks from start to finish.

41
Q

What is Temporal Awareness?

A

Time in relation to planning, sequencing, and altering of movements

Ex: Jumping Rope

42
Q

What is Coincidence-Anticipation?

A

Timing-Ability to complete a motor task with an arriving moving object

Ex: kicking a soccer ball that has been kicked to you

43
Q

What is Rapport Talk?

A

“Language of Conversation”

Connecting and negotiating relationships

44
Q

What is “Report Talk?”

A

Communication that offers information and directions.

Just the facts

45
Q

What is Stress?

A

The response to the individual to the circumstances and events that threaten them and tax their coping abilities

46
Q

What effect can prolonged demands which a child cannot meet have on mental functions?

A

It can lead to Learned Helplessness and Underachievement.

47
Q

What is Object Play?

A

Manipulation of objects in an intrinsically motivated way.

Ex: Using art materials and building blocks for play and development

One of the most popular forms of play for development and therapy use.

48
Q

What is Virtual Play?

A

Intrinsically motivated play that is a form of leisure versus a learning activity or for school.

Ex: TV, Video Games, etc.

49
Q

What is Consistency in motor learning?

A

The ability to perform the skill/task on a consistent basis.

50
Q

What is Efficiency in motor learning?

A

How efficiently a child can perform a skill/task.

51
Q

What is flexibility in motor learning?

A

A child’s ability to perform a skill/task when other variables come into play.

52
Q

What are 7 benefits to the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975)?

A

Zero Reject (cannot turn a child away)
Least Restrictive Environment (make as normal as possible)
Right to Due Process
Nondiscriminatory Evaluation
Individualized Educational Plan
Parent Participation
Related Services (this is where PT is included)

53
Q

What is an IEP?

A

Individualized Education Plan: A comprehensive plan that indicates all specific services a child is to receive

For school-aged children (5-21 y/o - some states include 3-5 y/o)

54
Q

What is an IFSP?

A

Individualized Family Service Plan: for infants/toddlers

Developed with family consent - includes early intervention services (primarilly PT)

55
Q

What kind of brain development occurs on preschool age children?

A

Neurologic organization is use dependent.

CNS & brain growth is occurring.

56
Q

What are Equilibrium Reactions and when do they normally appear in children?

A

Using rotational movements to maintain balance

Equilibrium Reactions emerge between 12-21 mos and mature through the age of 4-5

Ex: Turn and talk to a friend

57
Q

What kind of fine motor development is seen in middle age children?

A

The child must be more self-directed and conscious to develop coordination and skill in small muscle groups

Continued Grasp Development:
Power Grasp
Precision Grasp

58
Q

What are 4 types of power grasps?

A 
Spherical Grip (ball)
Cylindrical Grip (remove cap from water bottle)
Hook Grip (bar)
Plate or Lateral Prehension (turn keys)

Used for large or heavy objects.
Full hand strength used
Type depends on size of object being manipulated

59
Q

What are 2 types of Precision Grasps?

A

Tripod (crayon)

Pincer (blocks / eating)

60
Q

Where does most growth occur in preschool age children?

A

In the trunk

Center of gravity is mid-thoracic level

61
Q

Where does most growth occur in middle childhood?

A

In the limbs

Center of gravity = umbilicus

62
Q

Characteristics of Middle Childhood

A

More Complex Tasks / More than 1 task at a time

Calibrates movements as needed

63
Q

During middle childhood, changes are seen in what 4 basic motor capacities?

A

Flexibility
Balance
Agility
Force

64
Q

What are the 5 stages of Perspective Taking in middle childhood?

A 
Undifferentiated
Social-Informational
Self-Reflective
3rd Party Perspective
Societal Perspective
65
Q

What is Undifferentiated Perspective Taking?

A

Recognizing that self and others can have different thoughts and feelings but the two are often confused.

66
Q

What is Social-informational Perspective Taking?

A

Understanding that different perspectives may result because people have access to different information.

Ex: Christmas vs. Hannuka

67
Q

What is Self-Reflective Perspective Taking?

A

Empathy
The ability to step into another person’s shoes and view their own thoughts, feelings and behavior from the other person’s perspective.
This stage also allows the child to recognize that others can do the same.

68
Q

What is 3rd-party Perspective Taking?

A

Stepping outside a 2-person situation and imagining how the self and other are viewed from the point of view of a 3rd impartial party

69
Q

What is Societal Perspective Taking?

A

Understanding that 3rd-party perspective taking can be influenced by one or more systems of larger societal values.

70
Q

What changes appear in middle child play?

A

Gender differences in play become more evident.
Play becomes more complex.
Increase in competitive athletics

71
Q

What is problem-centered coping?

When can you expect a child to use this?

A

Appraising a situation as changeable, identifying the difficulty, and deciding what to do about it.

Usually by age 10

72
Q

What is emotion-centered coping?

When can you expect to see this in a child?

A

When problem solving does not work, children use internal, private thoughts aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about the outcome.

Usually seen by age 10

73
Q

What changes in moral understanding occur in middle childhood?

A

Most have internalized rules for good conduct.
They clarify and link moral imperatives & social conventions, considering the purpose of the rule, people’s intentions, and the context of their actions.
They have a better understanding of individual rights.

74
Q

What happens to sleep patterns during adolescence?

A

Brain may develop increased neural sensitivity to evening light - thus adolescents tend to stay up later.
Adolescents need about 9 hrs of sleep (almost same as middle childhood)
Sleep deprived adolescents perform poorly on cognitive tasks in morning hours.

75
Q

What are some IADLs of adolescence?

A 
Shaving
Grooming
Menstrual hygiene 
• keeping  their room clean
• taking care of a family pet
• housecleaning
• laundry
76
Q

What is a Type A behavior pattern?

A 
Extreme competitiveness
Ambition
Impatience
Hostility
Angry Outbursts
Sense of Time Pressure
Increased risk of heart attack
77
Q

What is a Type B behavior pattern?

A

Free of hostility
Lack of compulsion to meet deadlines
Not competitive

78
Q

What is a Type C behavior pattern?

A

Appear quiet and introspective but are actually frustrated
Swallow their anger
Non-emotional
Non-assertive
Try to appease others, even to the point of self-effacement & self-sacrifice
High risk of cancer

79
Q

What is a Type D personality pattern?

A

Anxiety prone

Poor immune system

80
Q

What changes occur in the cardiovascular system in late adulthood?

A

Heart mm less responsive due to enlargement of left ventricle - more rigid, some cells die, some enlarge

Heart pumps with less force, decreased max heart rate, slowing circulation

81
Q

What changes occur in the pulmonary system in late adulthood?

A

Lung tissue loses elasticity
Increased breathing rate
More out of breath when exercising

82
Q

What kind of gait changes occur in late adulthood?

A

oMild rigidity & less body motion proximally than distally
o Arm swing decrease in amplitude & speed
o BOS becomes wider to improve stability
o Step length becomes smaller
o More time is spent in double support stance w/decreased swing to stance ratio
o Decreases in speed of gait

83
Q

Describe the global mental & specific mental developments in preschool age children.

A

energy and drive, temperament and personality, intellectual, attention, emotion, sequencing complex movement (like shooting a basketball)

84
Q

What type developmental tasks related to play can be seen in preschool age children?

A

Play assists in motor skill development

It results in pleasure drives the child to repeat tasks that are pleasurable, (Mastery motivation)

– innate drive to find solutions, (Self-efficacy) – a child’s belief in his personal power to change things

85
Q

What kind of changes in self-care can be seen in preschool age children?

A

by the end of preschool age the child is independent in toileting, basic personal care and can function with minimal supervision in school setting.

Growth & Development (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions