FINAL exam review Flashcards
Learning
A long-term change in behavior or capabilities due to experience.
Habituation
Decrease in the strength of a response due to repetition.
Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian Conditioning)
Study of association formation.
What happens in classical conditioning?
We connect ideas that were not originally connected.
ex.) Jim makes the Microsoft sound go off and offers Dwight a mint everything. Dwight becomes used to this so automatically reached his arm out for a mint when the sound goes off.
Operant Conditioning (Skinnerian or Instrumental Conditioning)
Like classical conditioning, it is the study of association formation, but it is different because the responses are emitted not elicited - the learners operate on the environment and learn from its consequences.
Does behavior increase or decrease in reinforcement?
Increase
List and describe the 2 types of reinforcements.
Positive (presentation of something “rewarding”)
Negative (removal of something aversive)
*negative does not mean bad punishment - it just means something is removed.
Does behavior increase or decrease with punishment?
Decrease
List and decribe the 2 types of punishments.
Positive (presentation of something aversive, also called aversive punishment)
Negative (removal of something desired, also called response cost)
Note that what matters is the result on _____, not what you think is rewarding or punishing.
behavior
Schedules of reinforcement?
Continuous and Intermittent
What are the 4 subtype schedules of reinforcement?
Fixed Interval
Variable Interval
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
*Fixed/Variable crossed with Interval (time) or Ratio (behaviors).
Fixed Interval
Learning is: slower
Extinction is: easier to extinguish
Variable Interval:
Learning is: slower
Extinction is: harder to extinguish
Fixed ratio:
Learning is: fast
Extinction is: easier to extinguish
Variable Ratio:
Learning is: fast
Extinction is: harder to extinguish
Adoption studies compare adopted children with their _____ parents and _____ parents.
adoptive; biological
Temperament
A persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.
Heritability
The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
What is the overall heritability on IQ, Extraversion, and Neuroticism?
IQ ~ 50%
Extraversion ~ 37
Neuroticism ~ 30%
What was striking about the “Bringing up Monkey” video?
The hyper baby monkeys go out and play but they must have their mother in cite; they will go and check up on her after time.
The shy monkeys are always with their moms ; they are stressed when they aren’t.
The monkeys personalities come from their genes.
What provides the raw materials in the brain?
Genes
What puts all the materials in the brain together?
environment
Rats in enriched environments, after only 60 days, had:
7% - 10%: heavier brains
20% more neural connections
In lecture, Dr. Gentile said a good mnemonic about brain development is:
The neurons that fire together, wire together.
If 50% of IQ is inherited, where does the other half come from?
environment
What are some aspects of family life that affect IQ?
- How much you read to your child.
- Attending class - actually makes you smarter
- Even after controlling for parents’ education level, single parent families, race, and poverty matters.
The idea of Cumulative Risk Factors suggests what?
The more risk factors, the lower your IQ (vise versa)
Early intervention research demonstrates that if we want to improve IQs for at-risk kids, starting when is most effective?
Starting early- before age 5.
Microsystem
The immediate environment with which a child directly interacts
Mesosytem
The connections that exist among Microsystems
Exosystem
The social settings a child is not part of, but the still affects him.
Macrosystem
The general cultural context for all other systems.
How is the Nature-Nurture debate like a rectangle?
Nature and nurture always interact; it doesn’t matter how much of each.
What are the 3 periods of Fetal Development?
Germinal
Embryonic
Fetal
Germinal Period
Conception - 2 weeks
Fertilization –> zygote –> blastocyst –> attaches to uterine wall
Embryonic Period
2 - 8 weeks
Organogenesis
Fetal Period
8 - 40 weeks
Growth
A pregnancy the ends before the fetus is mature enough to survive outside the uterus.
Miscarriage or Spontaneous Abortion
When do more miscarriages occur?
In the first 3 months.
What is the percentage that miscarriages occur among confirmed pregnancies or fertilizations?
15-20% of all confirmed pregnancies
~75% of all fertilizations
What are most miscarriages caused by?
Chromosomal abnormalities
Teratogens
Things that can harm the fetus.
ex.) alcohol, viruses, smoking
Explain the jobs are neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters bind to receptors in the 2nd neuron, causing a change in the 2nd neuron.
Are all neurotransmitters excitatory?
no
Are are neurotransmitters equal?
no
The amount of Neurotransmitters can be _____.
changed
The amount of receptors can be _____.
changed
What does “up-regulation” mean?
an increase in receptors.
What does “down-regulation” mean?
a decrease in receptors.
Long-Term Potentiation
Increases the likelihood that a single neuron can cause an action potential (fire).
How does learning occur?
Generally by increasing the strength of synaptic communication so certain pathways can work more readily then they did before.
Observational Learning
Individuals have the capability to learn from others.
What happened in the Bobo Doll Experiment?
The child watched a video of an adult treating a doll poorly - the adult would throw it in the air, hit, kick, say mean things to it.
When the child was put into a room with the same doll, the child copied the adults behavior.
What did Bandura say about whether exposure to aggressive modeling is cathartic (reduces viewers aggression?)
When a child sees violence, they copy it.
Associative Learning
learning from association between things
–> most of psychology has been focused on this type of learning
Discrimination Learning
The process by which animals or people learn to respond differently to different stimuli.
It does not require reinforcements or punishment…just experience.
How was discrimination learning portrayed in class?
The card sorting task; the student had to sort the cards into 3 different decks based on similarities/ differences she saw between them.
What was learned from the card sorting task?
What is learned is to detect differences that already exist there is no need to create associations, just to discriminate between what is there - like wine tasting.
Learning and memory are ____ a correct copy of what just happened - they’re a ______ ______.
Not; constructive process
How would one describe learning and memory?
malleable, fallible, trickable.
Our memories are probably _____ most of the time.
wrong
What can cause our memories to be wrong? (6)
- Attention
- Interference
- Misinformation effect
- Retelling
- Schemas
- Source confusion
How many languages on the planet?
over 6,000
How did B.F Skinner believe that every child will learn at least one language?
Through operant learning principles
- trying to make sounds
- imitation
- reinforcements or punishments
Language Acquisition Device (Noam Chomsky)
The basic idea is that the brain has evolved a structure to help us learn and extract the grammatical rules of language.
People now doubt that there is such a structure.
Children demonstrate internalization of grammatical rules as shown by
- overgeneralization
2. the “Wug Test”
What are the stages of productive language development?
- Crying and cooing
- Babbling - 4 months
- Turn taking
- Single words - 1 year
- Two word sentences - 18 months
- Four word or longer sentences - 3 years
Spoken language also includes _____, or the “melody” of language.
prosody
Chromosomes
Threadlike structures made of DNA that contain the genes.
DNA
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
Gene
A segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein.
Genome
The complete instructions for making an organism
Genotype
The specific genes that an individual has.
Phenotype
The observed characteristics of that individual - how genes are expressed
Roughly how many genes does an individual have?
30,000 (that is about twice as many as a fruit fly)
Who do we share 99% of your genes with?
The chimpanzee - our closest genetic cousin
What are some traits that genes can be linked to?
addiction, shyness, thrill seeking, sexual orientation etc.
Natural selection
The principle that among all range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will more likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
Mutations
Random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides.
What are the 2 major sources of genetic diversity?
Sex and mutations.
Sexual selection
Changes in species are made not only by “survival of the fittest” but also by active choices when choosing mates.
What percentage of the worlds species clone themselves?
1%
Evolutionary psychology
Uses evolutionary principles to study human behavior.
If evolution has been acting in our ancestors for millions of years, we should be able to…
find traces of it in our behavior, and it will probably be unconscious.
Most of our likes and dislikes, preferences, attitudes, and behavior is due to _____ reasons, and it is largely _____.
evolutionary; unconscious
What does the nature/nurture debate ask?
It asks whether we are who we are because of heredity or environment?
Behavior Genetics
A field that looks at the effects of genetics.
What percent of genes do each type of twins share?
Identical twins: 100% of genes
Fraternal twins: 50% of genes on average
Twin Studies
Compare identical twins with fraternal twins.
What is the equation for obesity?
energy in > energy used
Aggression is _________.
Multi-casual
What are 3 big risk factors for aggressive behavior?
Anti-social behavior, personal characteristics, and family characteristics
Aggression
Behavior that is intended to harm another person, and that person would not want to be harmed.
What are the 3 subtypes of aggression?
- Physical - hitting, kicking, threatening
- Relational - harming the victim by use of relationships or harming the victim’s relationships (rumors, ignoring, ostracizing)
- Verbal - insulting
Aggression can be…
Direct - hitting, insulting, etc.
Indirect - stealing, rumor spreading
“The line of good and evil lies in the center of…”
every human heart” - Alexander Solzenitsyn
What are the possible explanations for evil?
Dispositional - “bad people do bad things”
Situational - “bad situations create and environment where aggressive/evil can occur”
What are some things we have control over when talking about aggression?
learning and situation
Social Learning Theory
People learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling.
- Reinforcement and modeling
- Violent couples are more likely to have had violent parents … and violent children
Modeling (social learning theory)
- violent parents
- victimization by parents … even 20 years later
- violent neighborhoods
- violence in the media
Heavy viewing of violent TV affects both ___ and _____.
men; women
What does GAM stand for?
General aggression model
Explain the Stanford Prison Experiment (Analogous situation)
They created a situation where aggression flourishes - a laboratory prison
Some important elements of this demonstration…
- Participants were average Stanford students
- They were places into the roles of a prisoner or a guard and asked to play the role
- Study was initially scheduled for 2 weeks
What did you notice about the Stanford Prison Experiment?
Nice boys became mean guards
Healthy boys got sick
Active boys became zombie-like and lazy
What situations allow obedience to flourish?
Obedience to authority
shocking experiment
Being apart of a group can result in what?
- Deindivudalism
- Amplification
- Dehumanization of target
Deindividualism
Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
ex.) KKK
Amplification
Being part of a big group can result in increase aggressive tendencies (which is amplification)
ex.) VEISHA
Dehumanization of target
To consider another person to be less then human, and so not deserving humane treatment.
ex.) cartoon books dehumanized Jews in Germany in the 1930s
Situations can _____ aggressiveness through _____ learning.
prime; associative
Why are we less likely to help when others are present?
The presence of others may influence your decision about whether or not a situation is an emergency.
The presence of others makes us feel less personally responsible to help (diffusion of responsibility)
How can we increase prosocial and helping behaviors?
Reduce the ambiguity of the situation and make people feel responsible.
Prosocial behaviors
Voluntary behaviors made with the intention of benefitting others.
How does social learning lead us to help?
Seeing others engages in helping stimulates us to help also.
_____ and ______ are just as trainable as any other skill.
Compassion and happiness
Catharsis Theory
It has been hypothesized that watching violent media or playing violent video games allows people to “blow off steam” and actually makes them less likely to act aggressively in the real world.
What are the 4 problems with the Catharsis Theory?
- Drive theory model is not appropriate
- Aristotle says “there are rules”
- The data do not support the hypothesis
- Its not how the brain works
Problem 1: The Drive Theory Model does not work
A drive is something you need to survive (eating, water), and you do not need aggression to survive.
If you don’t “blow off steam”, you don’t have a more or less chance of living, however, if you do not eat, you have a greater risk of dying.
Problem 2: Aristotle says “There are rules”
For Catharsis to occur, the media MUST evoke 2 emotions: fear and pity.
- The bad things can’t happen to the bad guys - thats justice
- Bad things should only happen to the good guy, but the conflict should be between friends, not enemies
The problem? —> modern media violence does not do this.
Problem 3: The data do not support the hypothesis
Hundreds of studies of media violence show the exact opposite result.
Problem 4: It is not how the brain works
Aggression Catharsis is an elegant idea, but a wrong one. (look at this in notes)
Attachment
A technical term in developmental psychology.
Does everyone get attached to some caregiver?
yes
This issue with attachment is the _____ of the attachment relationship.
quality
What did early behavioral psychologists (skinner) assume attachment was based on?
operant conditioning
Harlow’s Classic Monkey Studies tested the operant conditioning hypothesis and found it to be _____.
wrong
Describe Harlow’s Classic Monkey Studies
There were 2 mother surrogates
1 was hard wired that provided food and 1 soft (cushioned), bot no food
monkey became attached to the cushioned surrogate and ran to the cushioned one for comfort
What is Mary Ainsworth’s Ideas about Attachment
The caregiver provides “secure base” from which the infant can explore the world
- this security, or lack or it, may shape the individuals personality and close relationships forever.
Describe Secure attachment
Securely attached ~65%
- In moms presence, explores with curiosity and boldness
- distressed when separated
- delighted when reunited
- recovers quickly from distress once with mom and begins exploring again
What are predictors of secure attachment?
- Sensitive and responsive parenting
- Time with infant
- face to face interactions with infant
Describe Insecure Attachment - avoidant
Avoidant attachment (~20%)
- little distress at separation
- little joy at reunion
- doesn’t show low very expressively
What are predictors of avoidant attachment?
Rejecting or abusive parenting
Describe Insecure Attachment - resist
Resistant Attachment (~10%) (aka anxious/avoidant)
- very upset at separation
- still upset at reunion
- behaves as though can’t get enough love
What kinds of Insecure attachment are there?
Avoidant attachment and Resistant attachment
What are predictors of resistant attachment?
Inconsistent parenting - from one extreme to another
Secure infants, when observed at age 4, are more…
- Independent
- Get along better with other children
- Prosocial
- Fewer behavior issues
- lower rates of psychiatric disorders
- bold
- curious
- eager to learn
Do the behaviors of secure infants carry over into adolescents?
yes
What are consequences for adult romantic relationships with secure children?
Comfortable with closeness, trusting, accept love
What are consequences for adult romantic relationships with Avoidant children?
Distant, cool, low trust
What are consequences for adult romantic relationships with resistant children?
Jealous, dependent, craves love
Authoritative Parenting
High warmth, high control - child oriented
Describe children of authoritative parents.
- high in self-esteem
- high in self-resilience
- considerate of others
- high achievers
Authoritarian Parenting
Low warmth, high control - parent centered
Describe children of authoritarian parents.
- low self-esteem
- over- or under-controlled in their behaviors
- low popularity
- underachievers in school
Indulgent parenting
High warmth, low control
Describe children of indulgent parents.
- immature
- self-centered
- aggressive
Neglective parenting
Low warmth, low control - low involvement
Describe children of neglective parents.
- poor relationships with others
- impulsive
- aggressive
- low achievement and motivation
At each stage of development, children have “tasks” they must complete for _____ _______.
Healthy development
The success of ____ ____ depends on _____ _____.
Later stages; earlier stages
What are key developmental tasks of Infancy?
Infancy (0-12 months)
1. attachment to caregivers
- regularity of patterns
- transition from reflex to voluntary behavior
What are key developmental tasks of Toddlerhood?
Toddlerhood (1- 2.5 years)
1. Curiosity, exploration, and mastery
- Differentiation of self from world
- Independence of actions, such as self care and feeding
- Learning of language
What are key developmental tasks of Early Childhood?
Early Childhood (2.5 - 5 years) 1. Learning behavioral self control and compliance with external rules
- Learning emotional self-control
- Learning gender roles and stereotypes
What are key developmental tasks of Middle Childhood?
Middle Childhood (6 - 12 years) 1. Learning how to build loyal friendships and to be accepted by peers
- Learning social rules and norms
- Adjusting to school
- Learning the importance of academic achievement and real-world competence
- Moral development begins
- Consolidating self-concept (in terms of the peer group)
When does the shift from parent to peer influence begin?
middle childhood
What are key developmental tasks of Adolescence?
Adolescence (13-18 years)
1. Learning to build intimate and committed friendships/relationships
- Adjustment to pubertal changes
- Transition to secondary schooling
- Developing strong and coherent personal identities
We used to believe that the world is a…
“blooming, buzzing, confusion” to infants.
The newborn is equipped with _____.
Reflexes
Reflexes
automatic responses – that ensure the ability to breathe, find food, and withdraw from painful stimuli.
Rooting
Touch cheek, and baby turns his head to suck
Moro
Drop baby and arms fling our to grab something to stop from falling
Grasping
Touch palm, baby grabs (also toes)
Babinski
Fingernail from heal to toe, baby splays toes outward.
Infants can learn starting ___ ____.
before birth
Describe the classic Cat in the Hat study.
Mother read her pregnant stomach the Cat in the Hat before bed every night, and when baby was born, mom read baby a random book and baby would continue what he was doing, but when mother would read baby Cat in the Hat, the baby would get really still as if concentrating on the book because it was familiar.
When does stranger anxiety occur?
Can range from 7 months to 3 years
Social referencing
We look at others to get info about how we should act when we are unsure. (visual cliff experiment)
What did we learn about the role of emotion from the Visual Cliff study?
Emotion serves as a communicative expression
What did we learn about the role of experience in the Visual Cliff study?
Experienced crawlers are not easily tricked
What are Jean Piaget’s Main Stages of Development?
- Sensorimotor (birth - 2 years)
- Preoperational (2 - 6 years)
- Concrete Operational (7 - 11 years)
- Formal Operational (12 - adulthood)
Is the age or order more important in Jean Piaget’s Main Stages of Development?
order
Sensorimotor Period
Birth - 2 years
1. Object permanence emerges at about 8 months
Object permanence
Objects exist even when out of view.
Describe the A not B error
When the object is hidden in place A, baby searches and finds it.
Repeat.
Hide object in place B, baby searches place A
Pre-operational Stage
2 - 6 years
- Too young to perform mental “operations”
- The important question is why do they make errors
- Conservation
Conservation
Underlying properties (such as mass, number, volume) remain the same despite changes in an appearance.
Concentration
Being able to only consider one dimension at a time.
Egocentrism
Inability to take another person’s view
Concrete Operational Stage
7 - 11 years
1. Children now can perform mental operations and understand their reversibility, but only with concrete examples.
- They can apply logic only to objects, situations, or events that are likely to be real
In this stage, thinking is on the right track but not always logical or scientifically correct (little girl being interviewed video)
Formal Operations Stage
12 years - adulthood
1. Now, children can work logically with abstract concepts
Media are _____, far more than most people admit
powerful
Media affect _____.
everyone
The main power of media is changing what?
cultural norms
What percentage of Americans have household TVs?
99% - the average household has 2.9 TVs.
What percentage of children have TVs in their rooms?
0 - 3 years: 30%
4 - 6 years: 43%
8 and up: 71%
How can you change behavior?
You have to get inside their head to make them want to change their behavior - make it seem like it was their idea.
What does the Triune brain consist of?
The Brain stem
The Limbic system
The Cortex
Brain stem
Regulates basic body functions (reptilian brain)
The Limbic System
The emotion center (mammalian brain)
The Cortex
Complex though (human brain)
One way TV can influence us is to show us things _____, and just by watching, our brains ____.
repeatedly; learn
Advertising is the art and science of ____ education.
values
What is the 4 step process to advertising?
- Build brand awareness
- Build brand preference
- Product purchase or use
- Build brand loyalty
What are the 5 roles emotion plays in How Our Minds Work?
- attention
- memory
- attitude
- motivate
- behavior
Unconscious Influence
Many things that influence us are not at a conscious level.
Golden Rule of Influence
The most effective influence is when you do not know I am trying to influence you.
4 types of shortcuts
- Authority principle
- Identification principle - if you like someone, you want to identify with them
- Contrast principle
- Humor - people are more critical in bad moods, so advertisers try to make things humorous.
Depending on the developmental stage, children could be _____ ______ by the same media.
influenced differently
The media are likely to have a powerful effect based on what 2 things?
- How they’re designed to work without us knowing
2. What we know about how the brain works
Conservation of Number
Conservation of number is a mathematical concept that was first identified by Jean Piaget in the mid twentieth century. It is the recognition by a young child that quantity does not change with physical rearrangement.
Conservation of Area
When children have the opportunity to see and manipulate areas in different representation systems, they can distinguish areas from their shapes and so they can form the concept of conservation.
Conservation of Amount
The children do not know the different in amount go something - thinking about the water in the glass experiment where there was once 2 glasses of the same amount of water, and the instructor poured one class into a different shaped glass and the child thought that the new glass contained a different amount of water
Embryo
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
Fetus
The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception, to birth
Teratogen
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
Zygote
The fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
Morpheme
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word (such as a prefix)
Phoneme
in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
semantics
the meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, or text.
Syntax
the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
Unconditioned response (UR)
in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salvation) to an unconditioned stimulus (such as food in the mouth)
Unconditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers an unconditioned response.
Conditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.
conditioned response
in classical conditioning, a learned response to a perviously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus.
Extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
Discrimination
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
Higher order conditioning
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new, neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus.
What is an example of higher order conditioning
an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone.
Stimulus generalization
the tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned
Shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
operant discrimination
Behavior that occurs more frequently in one context than another.
operant = behavior
operant generalization
A tendency for a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a response similar to the conditioned response
fridge - Lilly gets excited
drawer open —> the noise sounds the same so Lilly gets excited
What are the 4 main types of psychotherapy?
- Psychoanalysis
- Humanistic therapies
- Behavior therapies
- Cognitive therapies
Who started psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Frued
What is the assumptions in psychoanalysis?
Psychological problems are often the result of repressed conflicts (often from childhood)
What is the goal in psychoanalysis?
To bring the problems that someone has to the conscious mind where they can be examined and resolved.
Who promoted Humanistic Therapies?
Carl Rogers
What are the assumptions in Humanistic Therapies?
People are on a journey of self-fulfillment, and problems are the result of current difficulties on that path.
What is the goal of Humanistic Therapies?
To help clients explore their feelings and accept responsibilities for their actions, thereby helping them become more self-fulfilled.
What are Behavior Therapies based on?
Learning theories - such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning
What are the assumptions of Behavior Therapies?
The problem - behaviors are the problem, not the manifestation of some unacknowledged or conflict
What is the goal of Behavior Therapies?
To change the behavior because if you change the behavior, the problem is gone.
What are the 3 major elements of systematic desensitization?
- Create an anxiety hierarchy from lowest to highest
- Learn a relaxation response
- Progression association of each hierarchy item with relaxation
What are Cognitive Therapies based on?
There are based on cognitive theories - such as reaction to behaviorism
What are the assumptions of Cognitive Therapies?
Our patterns of thoughts can change how we feel and behave
What are the goals of Cognitive Therapies?
To change the thought patterns - to change the feelings and behaviors
What is the Self-Concealment Scale?
People who tend to conceal negative info about themselves are more likely to suffer from depression and anxiety.
Compared to those who simply wrote about traumatic events, those who talked about them in sessions with a therapist were ____ anxious or depressed.
less
Those who only wrote had short term ___ in negative emotion.
increase
Self-disclosure is also beneficial for _____ health.
physical
What are some things you already know from psychoanalysis?
- The couch the patient lays on
- Free-association (therapist says a word you and say what instantly comes to mind when you hear that word)
- Rorschach’s “ink blot” test
- Dream analysis
What are some things you already know from Humanistic Therapies?
- The therapist shows unconditional positive regard
2. Active and reflective listening
What are some things you already know from Behavioral therapies?
ex. How do you make Sam stop sucking his thumb? - you put something that tastes gross on his thumb
1. Systematic Desensitization
What are things you already know about Cognitive Therapies?
- Glass half full / empty - it is a way of thinking
- “chill out” - you tell your friend to chill out or to find a different mindset
