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Conceptual Physics > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

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1
Q

amplitude

A

The distance from the midpoint to the maximum (crest) of a wave, or equivalently from the midpoint to the minimum (trough).

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2
Q

beat

A

Periodic variation in the loudness of sound. Caused when two tones of slightly different frequencies are sounded together.

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3
Q

compression

A

A pulse of compressed air. Example: consider a long room with a door at one end and an open window with a curtain at the other end. When you open the door, the compressed air moves from the door to the curtain until the curtain flaps out the window. This is an example of compression.

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4
Q

constructive interference

A

Addition of two or more waves when wave crests overlap to produce a resulting wave of increased amplitude.

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5
Q

crest

A

One of the places in a wave where the wave is highest or the disturbance is greatest.

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6
Q

destructive interference

A

Combination of waves where crests of one wave overlap troughs of another, resulting in a wave of decreased amplitude.

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7
Q

Doppler Effect

A

The apparent change in the frequency of a wave due to the motions of the source or of the observer.

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8
Q

frequency (f)

A

The number of events (cycles, vibrations, oscillations, or any repeated event.) per time, measured in hertz (or events per time). Inverse of period.

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9
Q

Hertz (Hz)

A

The SI unit of frequency. One hertz (Hz) us one cycle per second.

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10
Q

interference pattern

A

A pattern formed by the overlapping of two or more waves that arrive in a region at the same time.

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11
Q

longitudinal wave

A

A wave in which the individual particles of a medium vibrate back and forth along (parallel to) the direction in which the wave travels–for example, sound.

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12
Q

natural frequency

A

A frequency at which an elastic object naturally tends to vibrate, so that minimum energy is required to produce a forced vibration or to continue vibration at that frequency.

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13
Q

pitch

A

How low or how high we perceive a sound to be. The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch. For example, a foghorn would have a low pitch, and a piccolo would have a high pitch.

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14
Q

rarefaction

A

A disturbance in air (or matter) in which the pressure is lowered. Example: consider a long room with a door at one end and an open window with a curtain covering it on the other. When the door is closed, it creates an area of low pressure which causes the curtain to blow inward.

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15
Q

resonance

A

To “resound” or sound again. Occurs when the frequency of forced vibrations on an object matches the object’s natural frequency, causing a dramatic increase in amplitude.

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16
Q

standing wave

A

a wave that appears to stand in one place, even though it is really two waves interfering as they pass through each other

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17
Q

transverse wave

A

A wave with vibration at right angles to the direction the wave is traveling. Light consists of transverse waves.

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18
Q

trough

A

One of the places in a wave where the wave is lowest.

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19
Q

wavelength

A

The distance between successive identical parts of the wave (crest to crest, trough to trough, etc.).

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20
Q

alternating current

A

electric current that rapidly reverses in direction

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21
Q

ammeter

A

a device that measures current

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22
Q

amperes (A)

A

SI unit of electric current

1 ampere = 1 coulomb per second

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23
Q

angle of incidence

A

the angle between an incident ray and the normal to the surface it encounters

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24
Q

angle of reflection

A

the angle between an reflected ray and the normal to the surface of reflection

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25
Q

angle of refraction

A

the angle between a refracted ray and the normal to the surface at which it is refracted

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26
Q

capacitance (C)

A

the ability of an object to store electric charge

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27
Q

capacitor

A

a device used to store charge in a circuit

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28
Q

centi- (c)

A

one-hundredth

10-2

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29
Q

charging by conduction

A

transferring electric charge between objects by simple touching

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30
Q

charging by friction

A

transferring electric charge between objects by rubbing

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31
Q

charging by induction

A

redistributing electric charges in and on objects by the electrical influence of a charged object close by but not in contact

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32
Q

circuit

A

any complete path along which electric charge can flow

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33
Q

concave mirror

A

a mirror that curves inward like a “cave”

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34
Q

conductor

A

(a) a material in which heat can be transferred
(b) a material through which electric charge can flow (usually a metal)

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35
Q

converging lens

A

a lens that is thicker in the middle than at the edges and refracts parallel rays of light passing through it to a focus

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36
Q

convex mirror

A

a mirror that curves outward

the virtual image formed is smaller and closer to the mirror than the object

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37
Q

coulomb (C)

A

SI unit of electric charge

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38
Q

Coulomb’s Law

A

relationship among electrical force, charges, and distance

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39
Q

critical angle

A

the smallest angle of incidence for which a light ray is totally reflected within a medium

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40
Q

current (I)

A

the flow of electric charge that transports energy from one place to another

measured in amperes (amps for short)

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41
Q

direct current

A

electric current in which the flow of charge is always in one direction

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42
Q

diverging lens

A

a lens that is thinner in the middle than at the edges, causing parallel rays of light passing through it to diverge as if from a point

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43
Q

echo

A

a reflection of sound

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44
Q

electric charge (C)

A

a fundamental electric property to which the mutual attractions or repulsions between electrons or protons is attributed

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45
Q

electric field

A

a force field that fills the space around every electric charge or group of charges

measured by force per charge (Newtons/Coulomb)

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46
Q

electric potential energy

A

the energy that a charge has due to its location in an electric field

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47
Q

electric power (P)

A

the rate of electric energy transfer or the rate of doing work

power = current × voltage

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48
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

the range of electromagnetic waves extending from radio waves to gamma rays (low to high frequency)

RMI V UXG

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49
Q

electromagnetic wave

A

an energy-carrying wave emitted by vibrating charges (often electrons)

composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that regenerate one another

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50
Q

electron

A

a negative particle in the shell of an atom

51
Q

Farad (F)

A

SI unit of capacitance

52
Q

focal length

A

the distance between the center of a lens and either focal point

the distance from a mirror to its focal point

53
Q

focal point

A

the point at which rays of light parallel to the principal axis converge (for a converging lens or concave mirror)

the point at which such rays appear to come (for a diverging lens or convex mirror)

54
Q

fundamental frequency

A

lowest partial tone of a musical sound; also called first harmonic

55
Q

giga- (G)

A

one billion

109

56
Q

grounding

A

allowing charges to move freely along a connection from a conductor to the ground; often done for safety

57
Q

harmonics

A

multiples of the fundamental frequency

Examples:

first harmonic = fundamental frequency × 1

second harmonic = fundamental frequency × 2

third harmonic = fundamental frequency × 3

58
Q

index of refraction (n)

A

the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in another material

n = speed of lightvacuum / speed of lightmaterial

59
Q

insulator

A

(a) a material that is a poor conductor of heat and that delays the transfer of heat
(b) a material that is a poor conductor of electricity

60
Q

kilo- (k)

A

one thousand

103

61
Q

law of reflection

A

the angle of incidence for a wave that strikes a surface is equal to the angle of reflection

62
Q

light wave

A

the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum

63
Q

mechanical wave

A

wave that transfers energy through a medium

64
Q

medium

A

a substance that makes possible the transfer of energy from one location to another

65
Q

mega- (M)

A

one million

106

66
Q

micro- (μ)

A

one-millionth

10-6

67
Q

milli- (m)

A

one-thousandth

10-3

68
Q

nano- (n)

A

one-billionth

10-9

69
Q

normal

A

at right angles to, or perpendicular to

in optics, normal defines the line perpendicular to a surface about which angles of light rays are measured

a normal force acts at right angles to the surface on which it acts

70
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

the current in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage impressed across the circuit and is inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit

V = IR

71
Q

Ohm (Ω)

A

SI unit of electrical resistance

72
Q

opaque

A

term applied to materials that do not allow light to pass through them

the material absorbs light without re-emmission resulting in a heat increase

73
Q

parallel circuit

A

an electric circuit with two or more devices connected in such a way that the same voltage acts across each one

any single device completes the circuit independently of the others

74
Q

penumbra

A

a partial shadow that appears where light from part of the source is blocked and light from another part of the source is not blocked

75
Q

period (T)

A

time required to complete a single cycle

76
Q

pico- (p)

A

one-trillionth

10-12

77
Q

polarization

A

the aligning of vibrations in a transverse wave, usually by filtering out waves of other directions

78
Q

primary colors of light

A

additive primary colors: three colors of light–red, green, and blue–that can be combined to produce any color

79
Q

primary pigments

A

subtractive primary colors: three colors of light-absorbing pigments–magenta, yellow, and cyan–that can be combined to reflect any color

80
Q

principal axis

A

the line joining the centers of curvature of the surfaces of a lens

the line joining the center of curvature and the focus of a mirror

81
Q

proton

A

a positively charged particle that is one of the two kinds of nucleons in the nucleus of an atom

82
Q

real image

A

an image formed by light rays that converge at the location of the image

a real image, unlike a virtual image, can be displayed on a screen

83
Q

reflection

A

the return of light rays from a surface

84
Q

refraction

A

bending of an oblique ray of light

85
Q

resistance (R)

A

opposition of an object to the flow of electric charge through it

measured in Ohms (Ω)

86
Q

resistor

A

a device in an electric field that is designed to resist the flow of charge

87
Q

series circuit

A

an electric circuit with devices connected in such a way that the electric current through each of them is the same

88
Q

shadow

A

a shaded region that results when light falls on an object and thus cannot reach into the region on the far side of the object

89
Q

short circuit

A

a disruption in an electric circuit caused by the flow of charge along a low-resistance path between two points that should not be directly connected, thus deflecting the current from its proper path; an effective “shortening of the circuit”

90
Q

Snell’s Law

A
91
Q

sound

A

longitudinal wave phenomenon that consists of successive compressions and rarefactions of the medium through which the wave travels

92
Q

speed of light

A

in a vacuum: 3 × 108 m/s

93
Q

timbre

A

sound quality

94
Q

total internal reflection

A

the 100% reflection (with no transmission) of light that strikes the boundary between two media at an angle larger than the critical angle

95
Q

transparent

A

term applied to materials that allow light to pass through them in straight lines

96
Q

umbra

A

the darker part of a shadow where all the light is blocked

97
Q

virtual image

A

an image formed by light rays that do not converge at the location of the image

mirrors, converging lenses used as magnifying lenses, and diverging lenses all produce virtual images

the image can be seen by an observer but cannot be projected onto a screen

a real image, unlike a virtual image, can be displayed on a screen

98
Q

visible light

A

part of the electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye can see

99
Q

voltage (V)

A

electrical “pressure” or a measure of electrical potential difference

100
Q

voltmeter

A

a galvanometer calibrated to read potential differences

101
Q

Volts (V)

A

SI unit of electric potential

102
Q

watt (W)

A

SI unit of power

1 watt = 1 joule per second

103
Q

wave

A

a regularly repeating disturbance in a medium or a field that transports energy from one place to the next with no net transport of matter

a “wiggle in space and time”

104
Q

wave speed

A

speed at which a wave passes a certain point

105
Q

battery

A

a container in which chemical energy is converted into electricity and used as a source of power

106
Q

beat frequency

A

the number of beats per second, equal to the difference in the frequencies of two interacting tones or oscillations

107
Q

boundary

A

where two different media meet

108
Q

conventional current

A

current as if it is caused by the flow of positive charges

conventional current flows from the positive terminal to the negative terminal

109
Q

eclipse

A

the hiding of any heavenly body by another

solar eclipse: a complete or partial hiding of the sun caused by the moon’s passing between the sun and the earth

lunar eclipse: a darkening of the moon caused by its entering the shadow of the earth

110
Q

electric field lines

A

they point in the direction that a positive test charge would accelerate

such lines are directed away from positively charged source charges and toward negatively charged source charges

111
Q

electroscope

A

an early scientific instrument that is used to detect the presence and magnitude of electric charge on a body

112
Q

electrostatic force

A

attraction or repulsion of particles or objects because of their electric charge

113
Q

flat mirror

A

virtual image
left-right reversal of image
image distance = object distance
same size image

114
Q

image distance

A

distance from an image to a mirror or lens

115
Q

image height

A

height of an image produced by a mirror or lens

116
Q

negatively charged

A

carrying a net negative charge

117
Q

neutral

A

having no net charge

118
Q

object distance

A

distance at which an object is placed from a mirror or lens

119
Q

object height

A

actual height of an object

120
Q

positively charged

A

carrying a net positive charge

121
Q

radius of curvature

A

distance from the vertex (on the optical axis) to the center of curvature

122
Q

schematic diagram

A

a means of describing an electric circuit is by use of conventional circuit symbols

123
Q

triboelectric series

A

a list of materials, showing which have a greater tendency to become positive (+) and which have a greater tendency to become negative (−)

124
Q
A

Conceptual Physics (8 decks)

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