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PGY 300 > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

Final Exam Review

1
Q

What is the formula for MAP (with multiplication)?

A

Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance

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2
Q

What is the formula for MAP (with addition)?

A

Diastolic blood pressure + 1/3 Pulse Pressure

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2
Q

Cardiac output is determined by

A

All of the above A. Venous return B. Heart rate & Stroke Volume C. Sympathetic nerve activity D. Increase epinephrine release into the circulation from the adrenal medulla

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3
Q

What is the formula for Cardiac Output

A

Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

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4
Q

What is the formula for Stroke volume?

A

End Diastolic volume - End systolic volume

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5
Q

Cells in the pancreas that secrete hormones

A

islets of langherhans

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6
Q

cells in the pancreas that secrete sodium bicarbonate

A

duct cells

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7
Q

Acinar Cells

A

cells in the pancreas that secrete lipase

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8
Q

Which of the following mechanisms are responsible of maintaining venous return to the right ventricle?

A

All of the above A. Low resistance in the venous system requiring lower pressure differences. B. Contracting & relaxing of muscle around dependent veins .C. Inspiration & expiration alternating increases & decreases in abdominal & thoracic pressure. D. Smooth muscle contraction around the veins due to sympathetic nerve activity & epinephrine release.

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10
Q

Capillary blood flow & Capillary hydrostatic pressure are determined by ________

A

All of the above A. Arteriolar blood flow that supplies that capillary B. Arteriolar resistance of the arteriolar blood flow that supplies that capillary C. mean arteriol pressure D Venous pressure.

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11
Q

An Increase in the force of contraction of the Cardiac muscle would result from _______

A

All of the above A. increased sympathetic nerve activity B. increased Calcium (Ca2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. C. Increased end-diastolic volume D. increased pre-load.

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12
Q

A decrease in which of the following factors would result in a decrease in cardiac output

A

All of the above A. Heart rate B. Stroke Volume C. Cardiac contractility (lower calcium (Ca 2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR))

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12
Q

When fecal matter is moved into the rectum ______

A

All of the above A. The internal anal sphincter relaxes B. The external anal sphincter contracts C. Contractions of the muscles in the rectum wall start. D. The pressure on the rectum wall is detected by mechanoreceptors.

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13
Q

Which of the following statements are true regarding blood pressure

A

All of the above A. Stroke volume is a major determinant of systolic blood pressure & pulse pressure B. Total peripheral resistance is a major determinant of diastolic blood pressure. C. Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic blood pressure & diastolic blood pressure D. Parasympathetic nerve activity plays only a minor role in regulation of blood pressure.

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14
Q

An increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure above normal without compensation would result in

A

All of the above A. Increase filtration B. Increased interstitial fluid pressure C. Edema D. Increased flow in the lymphatic system.

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14
Q

If the clearance of substance X is greater than the clearance of inulin then x is most likely

A

filtered & secreted

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15
Q

In COPD many drugs have been developed to treat patients focusing on many therabputic pathways select which pathways are targeted to treat COPD?

A

All of the above A. inflammation B. Immunological C. Antioxidant D. Genetic

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16
Q

Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate without changing metabolism will:

A

All of the above A. increase the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli B. increase the rate of oxygen diffusion from the alveoli to the blood. C. decrease in the partial pressure of CO2 in the alveoli D. increase the rate of CO2 diffusion from the blood to the alveoli

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17
Q

Match the lung disease to its description A. cystic fibrosisB. emphysemaC. respiratory distress syndromeD. pulmonary edema

A

A. decreased water secretion in the conducting airways B. destruction of alveoli; elastance decreased surface area for gas exchange C. Decreased surfactant production D. fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces.

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18
Q

A person has a tumor in their lung which erodes through the lung pleural sac and causes an air leak into the pleural sac. What occurs to the affected lung & chest wall from this condition.

A

All of the above A. The lung collapse B. The pleural pressure increasing C. The chest wall expand outward

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20
Q

The regulation of motility and secretion is under control of

A

All of the above A. long reflexes integrated in the CNS B. short reflexes integrated in the enteric nervous system. C. reflexes involving GI peptides.

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20
Q

Which of the following describes the components of the filter?

A

endothelium basal lamina & podocyte

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22
Q

Starling’s forces of capillary exchange are important in explaining

A

peritubular reabsorption

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23
Q

From the distal tubule tubular fluid will next flow into the:

A

collecting duct

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24
Q

An isosmotic volume concentration would initially lead to an increase in

A

circulating aldosterone

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24
Q

Tubulo-glomerular feedback is a negative feedback control mechanism of normal renal autoregulation that accomplishes which of the following?

A

Balances tubular filtration with reabsorption

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25
Q

The rate of water reabsorption from the proximal tubule is determined primarily by the

A

rate of dissolved particle (solute) reabsorption from the proximal tubule.

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26
Q

Most filtered water reabsorption by which of the following segments?

A

Proximal tubule

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28
Q

Hydrogen ion secretion in the lumen-facing membrane of the ____ is coupled to the downhill movement of ____ and serves to reabsorb the filtered ____.

A

Proximal tubule sodium bicarbonate

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29
Q

An increase in sympathetic nerve activity to the kidney most likely occurs following the

A

Decrease in the effective circulating blood volume

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30
Q

In a patient with severe renal artery stenosis (narrowing) all of the following would be expected to be increased above normal except

A

blood pressure (hydrostatic pressure) In the glomerular capillaries.

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30
Q

The appearance of glucose in urine

A

occurs when the glucose symporter of the proximal tubule becomes saturated.

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32
Q

Constriction of the efferent arteriole tends to ___ glomerular filtration rate & ____ renal blood flow.

A

Increase decrease

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33
Q

A normal human Kidney can produce urine with a maximum urinary concentration of _____ mOsmolar which is _____ times the normal plasma osmolarity of _____ mOsmolar

A

1200 4 300

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34
Q

When plasma osmolarity increases from 295 to 305 mOsmoles per liter circulating ____ will _____.

A

Vasopressin increase

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35
Q

Most of the total body sodium is found in the ____ and total body potassium is found in the ____.

A

Extracellular fluid compartment intracellular fluid compartment

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36
Q

The reabsorption of water by the ____ occurs by ____ of water molecules

A

Collecting duct osmosis

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38
Q

As blood passes along the glomerular capillaries from the afferent arteriole to the efferent arteriole the net filtration pressure

A

decreases

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39
Q

Glucose is reabsorbed at the lumen-facing membrane of the ___ by ___ active transport

A

Proximal tubule secondary

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40
Q

The plasma concentration of sodium is

A

The primary determined of plasma osmolarity

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40
Q

The assessment of ___ by the kidney can be determined by measuring the clearance of ____?

A

Filtration rate inulin

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41
Q

Sodium reabsorption is stimulated by ____ in the ___.

A

Aldosterone collecting duct

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42
Q

The oncotic pressure of the plasma within the glomerular capillary plays an important role in determining the net ____ pressure

A

filtration

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43
Q

Glomerular filtration would be expected to ___ if the tubular fluid ____ pressure _____

A

Decrease hydrostatic increased.

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43
Q

Approximately ___ of total body water is contained in the extracellular fluid compartment. The remaining ___ of the total body water is contained in the intracellular fluid compartment. The extracellular fluid compartment is subdivided into the plasma & interstitial compartments in a ____ to ____ ratio.

A

1/3 2/3 1/4 3/4

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44
Q

Which of the following is the most important role of the antidiuretic hormone?

A

Increases the water permeability of the collecting duct.

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45
Q

A bacterial infection can lead to an inflammatory response in the kidney that may lead to the appearance of albumin (plasma protein) in the urine because

A

more albumin enters the proximal tubule in the glomerular filtrate

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45
Q

The effective circulating blood volume is the primary determinant of optimum ____

A

Tissue perfusion

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46
Q

Which of the following would be expected to cause renal inulin (or creatinine) clearance to increase?

A

Dilation of the afferent arteriole Constriction of the efferent arteriole

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47
Q

The best description for the function of the gall bladder is

A

to store bile between meals

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48
Q

A sustained increase in the mean arterial blood pressure will

A

Increase the circulating atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentration

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49
Q

A decrease in the effective circulating blood volume is first detected by ____

A

Baroreceptors

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49
Q

If lost at sea oral or anal intake of water with a high salt concentration leads to

A

osmotic movement of water into the lumen of the GI tract

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51
Q

On average the percentage of body weight contributed by body water is ___ in females as composed to males is due to the larger amount of ___ tissue in females

A

smaller adipose

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51
Q

In the pancrease the cells in the “islets of Langerhan’s” secrete ____ duct cells secrete _____ & acinar cells secrete _____

A

hormones sodium bicarbonate lipase

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53
Q

The myenteric plexus in the wall of the GI-tract is located

A

Between circular & longitudinal muscles in the muscularis externa

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53
Q

The secretion of chloride into the GI tract lumen by ntestinal crypt cells lead to

A

paracellular transport of sodium to the lumen

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55
Q

An infection with the bacteria heliobacter pylori causes the leaking of hydrochloric acid between epithelial cells into the lamina proprea because the bacteria

A

destroy tight junctions

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55
Q

Which statement about migrating motility complexes (MMCs) is NOT true

A

MMCs are strong segmental waves that can meve over long distances.

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57
Q

Based on its function the submucosal plexus can be missing in

A

the esophagus

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57
Q

In the small intestine peptides are absorbed by ___ glucose is absorbed by ____ fats are absorbed by ______ and water is absorbed by _____

A

active transport secondary active transport diffusion osmosis.

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59
Q

Identify the correct order of functional compartments of the GI tract through which food passes on its way from mouth to anus

A

duodenum Jejunum ileum cecum rectum

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60
Q

Distention of the stomach wall leads to release of ___ from G cells that act on ____ & cause the release of _____.

A

gastrin parietal cells hydrochloric acid

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61
Q

Most of lipid digestion is performed by

A

pancreatic lipase

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62
Q

Prior to vomiting saliva secretion increases. What saliva component is most functional during vomiting?

A

bicarbonate

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63
Q

Peristaltic contractions ____ & occur mainly in ____ while segmental contractions _______ and occur mainly in _______

A

create forward movement stomach mix food small intestine

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64
Q

Secretions from pancrease & liver are released into the GI tract through the

A

Sphincter of Oddi

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65
Q

Bile salt is secreted into ____ and absorbed from _____

A

duodenum ileum

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66
Q

Which of the following is an essential secretion of the stomach?

A

intrinsic factor

66
Q

The digestive enzyme maltase is

A

located at the brushborder of enterocytes in the small intestine

68
Q

To increase the surface for better absorption the __ side of cells contains ____

A

apical microvilli

68
Q

If all digestive enzymes are working properly what type of dietary component would most likely cause osmotic diarrhea if ingested in excess?

A

sucrose

70
Q

Acid in the small intestine leads to secretion of ___ that acts on ___ and causes secretion of ____

A

secretin pancreas bicarbonate

70
Q

Slow waves originate from ___ & move along the GI tract by ____ through ____

A

interstitial cells of cajal electrotonic conduction gap junctions.

72
Q

What is secreted by the secretory cells of the small intestine

A

secretin

72
Q

Vitamin B12 is absorbed in complex with intrinsic factor in the _____

A

ileum

74
Q

What statement describes stomach motility correctly?

A

The high concentration of interstitial cells of cajal in the antrum is the cause for the strong contraction in this region

74
Q

Ingested food that is ____ leads to _____ emptying of the stomach when compared to the average time it takes to emptying the stomach

A

high in fiber slower

76
Q

CCK is released in the ____ in response to the presence of _____

A

small intestine fatty acids

76
Q

Single amino acids are absorbed through co-transport with ______

A

sodium

78
Q

Where is most of the fluid absorbed that has been secreted into the GI tract?

A

Duodenum

78
Q

which of the following would make the oxygen-hemoglobin binding curve shift left?

A

increased pH

80
Q

What type of contraction mainly occur in the ileum

A

segmental

80
Q

During a normal breath at end inspiration

A

alveolar pressure is zero intrapleural pressure is minimal tidal volume is maximal

82
Q

In the large intestine ____ are absorbed

A

vitamins

82
Q

Surfactant

A

is deficient in premature infants

84
Q

The airways are responsible for which of the following?

A

humidifying the gas in the airway to protect the cells of the alveoli

84
Q

When exercising active inspiration uses which additional inspiratory muscles?

A

Scalene muscles

86
Q

which of the following will increase the arterial PO2 of a normal person breathing of rest?

A

increase alveolar ventilation

86
Q

A healthy individual begins to exercise what occurs?

A

Alveolar PO2 & alveolar PCO2 remain steady.

88
Q

Chronic hypoxia (acclimated) due to high altitude

A

increases 23-DPG production in blood

88
Q

Which factor(s) would decrease airway resistance?

A

breathing through a tracheotomy

90
Q

John is visiting a friend in Mexico city which is at sea level. John goes scuba diving with a tank of dry air. At 33 feat under water what is the partial pressure of oxygen is John’s alveoli (round to nearest mmHg)

A

309 mmHg

90
Q

Refer to the graph (respiratory) which statement is true?

A

Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity to bind O2 and less favorable to unload O2 at the tissues.

92
Q

Water is exposed to a mixed gas in which the partial pressure of O2 is 100 mmHg & gas X is 100mhg. The concentration of O2 in water is .15mmol/L & the concentration of gas X in water is .05 mmol/L which statement is current?

A

Gas X is 3 times less soluble than O2 in water

92
Q

The group of neurons in the brain stem which primarily controls inspiratory neurons:

A

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

94
Q

A decrease in alveolar PCO2 would cause what strong response?

A

the bronchioles to constrict

94
Q

The partial pressure of O2 & CO2 respectively in venous blood in a healthy person at rest is approximately

A

40 mmHg 46 mmHg

96
Q

The lung disease most likely to result from left ventricular heart failure is

A

Pulmonary edema

97
Q

In the disease emphysema the lung mechanisms are altered from normal this will cause:

A

increase in compliance & decrease in elastance

98
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A

are responsible for secreting a substance to decrease alveolar surface tension

99
Q

If a person is suffering from cystic Fibrosis what would be affected compared to a healthy individual?

A

epithelial cell movement is less effective

100
Q

Specialized glomus cells in the carotid and aortic bodies which trigger a reflex increase in ventilation are activated by:

A

A decrease in PO2 decrease in pH increase in PCO2

101
Q

A student in your lab volunteers to enter a hypoxic breathing chamber for 10 minutes then his alveolar PO2 drops to 50mmHg. What other change would occur?

A

decrease in arterial PCO2

102
Q

Why must a person breathing through a snorkel increase his/her tidal volume &/or breathing frequency to maintain normal alveolar ventilation

A

Due to increased resistance

103
Q

A molecule that blocks activity of carbonic anhydrase would:

A

decrease the activity of the central chemoreceptors

103
Q

When the abdominal & internal intercostal muscles contract

A

the volume of the lungs decrease

105
Q

What are 3 ways CO2 is transported in blood? Approximately what % is transported each way?

A

Attached to hemoglobin (23%) dissolved (7%) as bicarbonate (70%)

105
Q

Which of the following is an example of parasympathetic nerve?

A

Vagal nerve

107
Q

Mary is 86 years old a heavy chronci smoker and has a chronic cough. Mary is probably suffering from

A

a Decrease in FRC

107
Q

Which of the following statements about the parasympathetic system is true?

A

It slows heart rate

109
Q

Dalton’s law states that

A

in a mixture of gases like air the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gasses in the mixture

109
Q

NMDA receptors necessary for excitatory transmission are blocked by magnesium. How is this magnesium block remved at the synapse

A

Depolarization

111
Q

The vital capacity minus the expiratory reserve volume is equal to what lung volume?

A

inspiratory capacity

111
Q

This brain region controls food & water intake

A

Hypothalamus

113
Q

The region of the voltage-gated sodium channel that serves as the voltage sensor is:

A

S4

113
Q

The region of the retina with the highest spatial resolution is the:

A

Fovea

115
Q

In the action potential which of following is true?

A

Current through potassium channels account for the relative refractory period

115
Q

A decrease in what synaptic molecule or structure causes myasthenia gravis?

A

Acetylcholine receptor

117
Q

Motor signals leave the spinal cord through this structure

A

Ventral root

118
Q

Facilitated diffusion is a property of which of the following?

A

Ionotropic receptors

119
Q

What statement about T-tubules in skeletal muscle is true?

A

Action potentials travel along the surface of the T-tubule membrane

120
Q

Where are the nodes of Ranvier usually found?

A

Axons

121
Q

The activity of these two proteins depends on their ability to bind and break the bond in ATP

A

Myosin & the sodium-potassium pump

122
Q

The “hopping” of action potentials from one Node of Ranvier to the next is called:

A

Saltatory conduction

123
Q

If the potassium concentration outside a nerve cell decreases which of the following is true? (assume the cell is permeable to potassium)

A

More potassium will flow out of the cell.

124
Q

Which neurotransmitter receptor is most familiar in function to the GABA receptor?

A

Glycine receptor

124
Q

In the gating theory of pain stimulation of the unmyelinated C sensory fibers produces what effect?

A

stimulates the ascending pain pathway

126
Q

The input signal to a neuron commonly comes into what part of the neuron?

A

Dendrite

126
Q

What usually stimulates the activation of calcium channels at the presynaptic terminal of a neuron?

A

An action potential

128
Q

What kind of channels mediate auditory transduction?

A

Mechanically-gated channel

129
Q

Which of the following is not stimulated by depolarization?

A

G-protein coupled receptor

130
Q

Which of the following statements about an action potential is true?

A

Action potentials have a threshold but sodium channels do not?

131
Q

Which of the following is not part of the olfactory transduction mechanism?

A

closing of potassium permeable channels

132
Q

Neurotransmitter is stored in this structure in the presynaptic terminal:

A

vesicle

133
Q

This technology uses a radioactive chemical to monitor brain activity

A

PET scan

134
Q

Which receptor is found in the second synapse of the parasympathetic pathway?

A

Muscarinic receptor

135
Q

Which of the following is a sensory association area in the cerebrum?

A

Wernicke’s area

135
Q

The structure that is the source of calcium that induces skeletal muscle contraction is the:

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

137
Q

A second action potential cannot occur very shortly after the first action potential because of:

A

sodium channel inactivation

137
Q

A full excitatory postsynaptic current produced by glutamate consists of two components a fast (transient) component & a slow (sustained) component. The fast is due to the opening of what receptor

A

AMPA

139
Q

Which of the following sensory transduction systems has the most different types of receptor proteins?

A

Bitter detectors

140
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the overall design of the cardiovascular system is false?

A

the blood flow through the pulmonary circulation is lower than in system circulation

141
Q

A neuron branches to affect a larger number of postsynaptic neurons this pathway is called:

A

Divergent pathway

142
Q

Increased parasympathetic activity would result in increased ___________

A

acetylcholine release & its binding to muscarinic receptors

143
Q

What two events occur that initiate a voluntary contraction in skeletal muscle?

A

stimulation of the alpha motor neuron & stimulation of the gamma motor neuron

144
Q

An increase in sympathetic nerve activity coupled with a decrease in parasympathetic activity would result in ____________

A

increased heart rate & increased cardiac contractility

145
Q

which of the following components of blood has the greatest volume?

A

plasma volume

146
Q

A sustained increase in blood pressure (hypertension) would be corrected long term by ________

A

Increased urine production (diuresis) leading to a reduction in plasma volume.

146
Q

Blood pressure & velocity of flow decrease in the circulation from the arteries to the arteriols to capillaries due to _______

A

Increased cross-sectional area of the blood vessels

148
Q

Which of the following phases of the cardiac cycle is when the ventricle is in a diastole & ventricular pressure is lower than aortic but is still greater than atrial?

A

Isovolumic ventricular relaxation

148
Q

The blood vessels that have variable resistance and are responsible for changing organ blood flow are the _______

A

arterioles

150
Q

which of the specialized conducting cells receives its depolarization from the atrialventricular node?

A

Atrioventrecular bundle (bundle of His)

151
Q

An increase in pulse or mean arterial pressure would result in ______________

A

Increased firing of the baroreceptors & decreased sympathetic nerve activity

152
Q

The long plateau & refractory period of the cardiac contracting cells action potentials is a result of ______

A

The calcium ion channels remaining open for a long period (Ca2+)

153
Q

Cardiac muscle cells that contract have

A

a plateau phase where Ca 2+ channels stay open for a long period of time

154
Q

Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) can be calculated from which of the following equations?

A

MAP = 1/3 pulse pressure (PP) + diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

155
Q

The characteristic of spontaneous excitation autorythmic or pacemaker potential is due to function of which of the following channels?

A

opening Funny channels (If) for sodium (Na+)

156
Q

Which of the following variables would be greater in the erect compared to the supine position?

A

Total peripheral resistance

157
Q

During exercise which of the following variables is reduced compared to resting

A

Total peripheral resistance

157
Q

Heart rate is increased by increased sympathetic nerve activity due to its effect on _______

A

Funny channels (If) and Na+

159
Q

Which of the following organ’s blood flow is regulated primarily by sympathetic nerve activity

A

Kidney liver & digestive track

160
Q

Blood flow to the systemic circulation comes from which of the four cardiac chambers

A

left ventricle

161
Q

The basal tone to arterioles throughout the circulation is maintained by which of the following control mechanisms?

A

sympathetic nerve activity releasing norepinephrine that binds the alpha receptor

162
Q

Which of the valves of the heart is between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

Tricuspid Valve

163
Q

Blood flow to skeletal Muscle is determined primarily by _____

A

Release of nitric oxide from the endothelium as metabolites build up in active muscle (active hyperemia)

165
Q

During periods when blood pressure is increased brain blood flow is prevented from increasing by _________

A

autoregulation via myogenic regulation and metabolite levels

166
Q

which of the waves of electrocardiogram represent ventricular repolarization?

A

T wave

168
Q

An increase in resistance when the pressure difference between two points of the cardiovascular system is constant would result in ________

A

Decreased blood flow in this segment

170
Q

If you could record the electrocardiogram and there is no P wave but there is a QRS and T wave what could you conclude?

A

Excitation was initiated by the autorythmic cells in the atrial ventricular node (AV)

171
Q

Which of he following is most likely to lead to an increase in urine osmolarity?

A

increased osmolarity of the medullary interstitial fluid

PGY 300 (2 decks)

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