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PGY 300 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Insulin Overview

A

Produced: Pancreatic Beta Cells

Type: Protein Hormone

Targets: Many Tissues

Effect: Lowers Blood Glucose Levels

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2
Q

What type of hormone is Insulin

A

Peptide

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3
Q

Where is insulin produced

A

Pancreatic Beta Cells

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4
Q

Melatonin Overview

A

Produced: Pineal Gland

Type: Amine

Targets: Brain

Effect: Circadian Rhythms (Sleep/Wake Cycle)

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5
Q

Where is Melatonin Produced

A

Pineal Gland

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6
Q

What type of Hormone is Melatonin

A

Amine

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7
Q

Oxytocin Overview

A

Produced: Hypothalamus + Stored in Posterior Pituitary

Type: Peptide

Targets: Breast and Uterus

Effects:

1) Milk Ejection from the breast
2) Uterine contractions

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8
Q

Where is oxytocin produced?

A

Hypothalamus (Stored in posterior pituitary)

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9
Q

What type of hormone is oxytocin?

A

Peptide

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10
Q

What are the effects of oxytocin?

A

1) Milk Ejection from the breast

2) Uterine contractions

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11
Q

What are the targets of oxytocin?

A

Breast and Uterus

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12
Q

What are the effects of insulin?

A

increase GLUT4 receptor production which increase the amount of glucose entering the cells. This in turn lowers blood glucose levels

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13
Q

Vasopressin Overview

A

Produced: Hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary

Type: Peptide

Targets: Kidneys (Distal Tubule)

Effects:Water reabsorption

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14
Q

Where is vasopressin produced?

A

Hypothalamus (Stored in posterior pituitary)

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15
Q

What type of hormone is vasopressin?

A

Peptide

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16
Q

What are the targets of vasopressin?

A

Kidneys

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17
Q

What are the effects of vasopressin?

A

Water reabsorption

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18
Q

Prolactin Overview

A

Produced: Anterior pituitary

Type: Peptide

Targets: Breast (Mammary Glands)

Effects: Milk Production

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19
Q

Where is prolactin produced?

A

Anterior Pituitary

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20
Q

What type of hormone is prolactin?

A

Peptide

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21
Q

What are the targets of prolactin?

A

Breast (Mammary Glands)

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22
Q

What are the effects of prolactin?

A

Milk Production

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23
Q

Growth Hormone (somatotropin)(GH) Overview

A

Produced:Anterior Pituitary

Type: Peptide

Targets: Liver and many tissues

Effects:

1) insulin-like Growth factor secretion
2) Growth and metabolism
3. ) Protein Anabolism

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24
Q

Where is growth hormone produced?

A

Anterior pituitary

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25
Q

What type of hormone is growth hormone?

A

Peptide

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26
Q

What are the targets of growth hormone?

A

Liver and many other tissues

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27
Q

What are the effects of growth hormone?

A

1) Insulin-like Growth factor secretion
2) Growth and metabolism
3. ) Protein Anabolism

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28
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Overview

A

Produced: Anterior pituitary

Type: Peptide

Targets: Adrenal Cortex

Effects: Cortisol Release

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29
Q

Where is ACTH produced?

A

Anterior pituitary

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30
Q

What type of hormone is ACTH?

A

Peptide

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31
Q

What are the targets of ACTH?

A

adrenal cortex

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32
Q

What are the effects of ACTH?

A

cortisol release

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33
Q

Thyrotropin (TSH) Overview

A

produced: anterior pituitary
type: peptide
targets: thyroid
effects: thyroid hormone synthesis

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34
Q

Where is TSH produced?

A

anterior pituitary

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35
Q

What type of hormone is TSH?

A

peptide

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36
Q

What are the targets of TSH?

A

thyroid

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37
Q

What are the effects of TSH?

A

thyroid hormone synthesis

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38
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Overview

A

produced: Anterior pituitary
type: peptide
targets: gonads

effects:

1) egg or sperm production
2) sex hormone production (granulosa estrogen)

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39
Q

Where is FSH produced?

A

anterior pituitary

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40
Q

What type of hormone is FSH?

A

peptide

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41
Q

What are the targets of FSH?

A

gonads

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42
Q

What are the effects of FSH?

A

1) egg or sperm production

2) sex hormone production (granulosa estrogen)

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43
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Overview

A

produced: anterior pituitary
type: peptide
targets: gonads

effects:

1) sex hormone production (theca and leydig adrogens)
2) egg or sperm production

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44
Q

Where is LH produced?

A

anterior pituitary

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45
Q

What type of hormone is LH?

A

peptide

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46
Q

What are the targets of LH?

A

gonads

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47
Q

What are the effects of LH?

A

1) sex hormone production (Theca androgens)

2) egg or sperm production

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48
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3) Overview

A

produced: thyroid
type: Amine
targets: many tissues
effects: metabolism, growth and development

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49
Q

Where is T3 produced?

A

thyroid

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50
Q

What type of hormone is T3?

A

amine

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51
Q

What are the targets of T3?

A

many tissues

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52
Q

What are the effects of T3?

A

metabolism, growth and development

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53
Q

Thyroxine (T4)

A

produced: thyroid
type: Amine
targets: many tissues
effects: metabolism, growth and development

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54
Q

Where is T4 produced?

A

thyroid

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55
Q

What type of hormone is T4?

A

amine

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56
Q

What are the targets of T4?

A

many tissues

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57
Q

What are the effects of T4?

A

metabolism, growth and development

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58
Q

Calcitonin Overview

A

produced: thyroid
type: peptide
targets: bone
effects: Inhibits osteoclasts which decreases plasma calcium level

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59
Q

Where is calcitonin produced?

A

thyroid

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60
Q

What type of hormone is calcitonin?

A

peptide

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61
Q

What are the targets of calcitonin?

A

bone

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62
Q

What are the effects of calcitonin?

A

decreases osteocyte activity which lowers the plasma calcium levels

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63
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Overview

A

produced: parathyroid gland
type: peptide
targets: Bone and Kidney

effects:

1) increases osteoclast activity which increases plasma calcium and phosphate levels
2) decreases excretion of calcium in kidneys which increases plasma calcium levels
3) increases excretion of phosphate to lower plasma phosphate levels

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64
Q

Where is PTH produced?

A

parathyroid gland

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65
Q

What type of hormone is PTH?

A

peptide

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66
Q

What are the targets of PTH?

A

bone and kidney

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67
Q

What are the effects of PTH?

A

1) increases osteoclast activity which increases plasma calcium and phosphate levels
2) decreases excretion of calcium in kidneys which increases plasma calcium levels
3) increases excretion of phosphate to lower plasma phosphate levels

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68
Q

Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF) Overview

A

produced: liver
type: peptide
targets: many tissues
effects: growth

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69
Q

Where is IGF produced?

A

liver

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70
Q

What type of hormone is IGF?

A

peptide

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71
Q

What are the targets of IGF?

A

many tissues

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72
Q

What are the effects of IGF?

A

growth

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73
Q

Glucagon Overview

A

produced: Pancreatic alpha cells
type: peptide
targets: liver
effect: increases the breakdown of glycogen which increases plasma glucose concentration

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74
Q

Where is glucagon produced?

A

pancreatic alpha cells

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75
Q

What type of hormone is glucagon?

A

peptide

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76
Q

What are the targets of glucagon?

A

liver

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77
Q

What are the effects of glucagon?

A

increases the breakdown of glycogen which increases plasma glucose concentration

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78
Q

Aldosterone Overview

A

produced: adrenal cortex
type: steroid
targets: kidney (distal tubule)
effects: increases the reabsorption of sodium

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79
Q

Where is aldosterone produced?

A

adrenal cortex

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80
Q

What type of hormone is aldosterone?

A

steroid

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81
Q

What are the targets of aldosterone?

A

kidney (distal tubule)

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82
Q

What are the effects of aldosterone?

A

increases the reabsorption of sodium

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83
Q

Cortisol Overview

A

produced: adrenal cortex
type: steroid
target: many tissues

effects:

1) stress response
2) increases glucose conservation
3) suppresses the immune system

84
Q

Where is cortisol produced?

A

adrenal cortex

85
Q

What type of hormone is cortisol?

A

steroid

86
Q

what are the targets of cortisol?

A

many tissues

87
Q

what are the effects of cortisol?

A

1) stress response
2) increases glucose conservation
3) suppresses the immune system

88
Q

Androgens Overview

A

produced: adrenal cortex
type: steroid
targets: many tissues
effects: sex hormone (sex drive in females)

89
Q

where are the androgens produced?

A

adrenal cortex

90
Q

what type of hormones are the androgens?

A

steroids

91
Q

what are the targets of androgens?

A

many tissues

92
Q

what are the effects of androgens?

A

sex hormone (sex drive in females)

93
Q

Epinephrine Overview

A

produced: adrenal medulla
types: amine
targets: many tissues
effects: fight or flight response

94
Q

where is epinephrine produced?

A

adrenal medulla

95
Q

what type of hormones is epinephrine?

A

amine

96
Q

what are the targets of epinephrine?

A

many tissues

97
Q

what are the effects of epinephrine?

A

fight or flight response

98
Q

Calcitrol (vitamin D3) Overview

A

produced: kidneys (precursor 7-deoxycholesterol is found in the skin)
type: steroid
targets: intestine
effects: increases calcium absorption

99
Q

where is calcitrol produced?

A

kidney (precursor 7-deoxycholesterol is found in the skin)

100
Q

what type of hormone is calcitrol?

A

steroid

101
Q

what are the targets of calcitrol?

A

intestines

102
Q

what are the effects of calcitrol?

A

increases calcium absorption

103
Q

Progesterone Overview

A

produced: ovaries
type: steroid
targets: many tissues

effects

1) egg production
2) secondary sex characteristics

104
Q

where is progesterone produced?

A

ovaries

105
Q

what type of hormone is progesterone?

A

steroid

106
Q

what are the targets of progesterone?

A

many tissues

107
Q

what are the effects of progesterone?

A

1) egg production

2) secondary sex characteristics

108
Q

Leptin Overview

A

produced: adipose tissue
type: peptide
targets: hypothalamus
effects: limits the creation of adipose tissue

109
Q

where is leptin produced?

A

adipose tissue

110
Q

what type of hormone is leptin?

A

peptide

111
Q

what are the targets of leptin?

A

hypothalamus

112
Q

what are the effects of leptin?

A

limits the creation of adipose tissue

113
Q

Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) Overview

A

produced: placenta (zygote)
type: peptide
targets: corpus luetum
effects: keeps the corpus luetum secreting estrogen and progesterone

114
Q

where is hCG produced?

A

placenta (zygote)

115
Q

what type of hormone is cHG?

A

peptide

116
Q

what are the targets of hCG?

A

corpus luetum

117
Q

what are the effects of hCG?

A

keeps the corpus luetum secreting estrogen and progesterone

118
Q

Testosterone Overview

A

produced: testes (interstitial cells of leydig)
type: steroid
targets: many tissues

effects:
1) sperm production
2) sex characteristics

119
Q

;where is testosterone produced?

A

testes (interstitial cells of leydig)

120
Q

what type of hormone is testosterone?

A

steroid

121
Q

what are the targets of testosterone?

A

many tissues

122
Q

what are the effects of testosterone?

A

1) sperm production

2) sex characteristics

123
Q

Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone (CRH)

A

produced: hypothalamus
type: peptide
targets: anterior pituitary
effects: stimulates the release of ACTH

124
Q

where is CRH produced?

A

hypothalamus

125
Q

what type of hormone is CRH?

A

peptide

126
Q

what are the targets of CRH?

A

anterior pituitary

127
Q

what are the effects of CRH?

A

stimulates the release of ACTH

128
Q

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Overview

A

produced: hypothalamus
type: peptide
targets: anterior pituitary
effects: stimulates the release of FSH and LH

129
Q

where is GnRH produced?

A

hypothalamus

130
Q

what type of hormone is GnRH?

A

peptide

131
Q

what are the targets of GnRH?

A

anterior pituitary

132
Q

what are the effects of GnRH?

A

stimulates the release of FSH and LH

133
Q

Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (Dopamine)

A

produced: hypothalamus
type: amine
targets: anterior pituitary
effects: inhibits the release of prolactin

134
Q

where is dopamine produced?

A

hypothalamus

135
Q

what type of hormone is dopamine?

A

amine

136
Q

what are the targets of dopamine?

A

anterior pituitary

137
Q

what are the effects of dopamine?

A

inhibits release of prolactin

138
Q

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) Overview

A

produced: hypothalamus
type: amine
targets: anterior pituitary
effects: increases the release of GH

139
Q

Where is GHRH produced?

A

hypothalamus

140
Q

What type of hormone is GHRH?

A

amine

141
Q

What are the targets of GHRH?

A

anterior pituitary

142
Q

What are the effects of GHRH?

A

increases the release of GHRH

143
Q

Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (somatostatin) Overview

A

produced: hypothalamus
type: peptide
targets: anterior pituitary
effects: inhibits the release of GH

144
Q

Where is somatostatin produced?

A

hypothalamus

145
Q

What type of hormone is somatostatin?

A

peptide

146
Q

What are the targets of somatostatin?

A

anterior pituitary

147
Q

What are the effects of somatostatin?

A

inhibits the release of GH

148
Q

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

A

produced: hypothalamus
type: peptide
targets: anterior pituitary
effects: releases TSH and Prolactin

149
Q

Where is TRH produced?

A

hypothalamus

150
Q

What type of hormone is TRH?

A

peptide

151
Q

What are the targets of TRH?

A

anterior pituitary

152
Q

What are the effects of TRH?

A

releases TSH and Prolactin

153
Q

Ghrelin Overview

A

produced: stomach
type: peptide
targets: hypothalamus and pituitary

effects:

1) creates the feeling of hunger when acting on hypothalamus
2) increases the release of GH when acting on the pituitary

154
Q

Where is ghrelin produced?

A

stomach (fundus)

155
Q

What type of hormone is ghrelin?

A

peptide

156
Q

What are the targets of ghrelin?

A

hypothalamus and pituitary

157
Q

What are the effects of ghrelin?

A

1) creates the feeling of hunger when acting on hypothalamus

2) increases the release of GH when acting on the pituitary

158
Q

Estradiol Overview

A

produced: ovaries
type: steroid
targets: many tissues
effects: sex hormone highest concentration of the three estrogen hormones

159
Q

Where is estrdiol produced?

A

ovaries

160
Q

What type of hormone is estrdiol?

A

steroid

161
Q

What are the targets of estrdiol?

A

many tissues

162
Q

What are the effects of estrdiol?

A

sex hormone highest concentration of the three estrogen hormones

163
Q

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) Overview

A

produced: Testes, prostate, hair, adrenal glands
type: steroid
targets: many tissues
effects: androgen hormone more potent then testosterone

164
Q

Where is DHT produced?

A

Testes, prostate, hair, adrenal glands

165
Q

What type of hormone is DHT?

A

steroid

166
Q

What are the targets of DHT?

A

many tissues

167
Q

What are the effects of DHT?

A

androgen hormone more potent then testosterone

Creates External genatalia

168
Q

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Overview

A

produced: adrenal glands, gonads, brain
type: steroid
targets: many tissues
effects: major intermediate in the production of androgens and estrogens

169
Q

Where is DHEA produced?

A

adrenal glands, gonads, brain

170
Q

What type of hormone is DHEA?

A

steroid

171
Q

What are the targets of DHEA?

A

many tissues

172
Q

What are the effects of DHEA?

A

major intermediate in the production of androgens and estrogens

173
Q

Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) Overview

A

produced: sertoli cells
type: peptide
targets: Mullerian ducts
effects: inhibits the development of the mullerian ducts in males

174
Q

Where is AMH produced?

A

sertoli cells

175
Q

What type of hormone is AMH?

A

peptide

176
Q

What are the targets of AMH?

A

mullerian ducts

177
Q

What are the effects of AMH?

A

inhibits the development of the mullerian ducts in males

178
Q

Synthesis of protein hormones?

A

Made in advance

179
Q

synthesis of steroid hormones?

A

made on demand

180
Q

storage of protein hormones

A

secretory vesicles

181
Q

storage of steroid hormones

A

none

182
Q

release of protein hormones

A

exocytosis

183
Q

release of steroid hormones

A

diffusion

184
Q

transport of protein hormones

A

dissolved in plasma

185
Q

transport of steroid hormones

A

bound to carrier proteins

186
Q

half-life of protein hormones

A

short

187
Q

half-life of steroid hormones

A

long

188
Q

receptor location of protein hormones

A

cell membrane surface

189
Q

receptor location of steroid hormones

A

usually cytoplasmic

190
Q

receptor response of protein hormones

A

2nd messenger activation

191
Q

receptor response of steroid hormones

A

transcriptional regulation

192
Q

target tissue response for protein hormones

A

modification of existing proteins or exocytosis

193
Q

target tissue response for steroid hormones

A

changes in protein synthesis

194
Q

Hormone responsible for build up of fat stores (lipogensis) in the liver

A

insulin

195
Q

hormone responsible for breakdown of fat stores (lipolysis) in liver

A

cortisol

196
Q

hormone responsible for the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis) in the liver

A

glucagon

197
Q

hormone responsible for build up of glycogen (glycogenesis) in the liver

A

insulin

198
Q

hormone responsible for catabolism of proteins in the liver

A

cortisol

199
Q

hormone responsible for anabolism of proteins in the liver?

A

insulin

200
Q

hormone responsible for breakdown of fat (lipolysis) in adipose tissue?

A

cortisol and epinephrine/norepinephrine

201
Q

what hormone builds up fat stores (lipogensis) in adipose tissue?

A

insulin

202
Q

what hormone builds up glycogen (glycogensis) in the muscle?

A

insulin

203
Q

what hormone is responsible for the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis) in the muscle?

A

cortisol

204
Q

what hormone is responsible for protein anabolism in muscle?

A

insulin

GH

205
Q

corpus luteum formation occurs during?

A

during the follicular phase of ovarian cycle

205
Q

what hormone is responsible for proetin catabolism in muscle?

A

cortisol

PGY 300 (2 decks)

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