Endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
Insulin Overview
A
Produced: Pancreatic Beta Cells
Type: Protein Hormone
Targets: Many Tissues
Effect: Lowers Blood Glucose Levels
2
Q
What type of hormone is Insulin
A
Peptide
3
Q
Where is insulin produced
A
Pancreatic Beta Cells
4
Q
Melatonin Overview
A
Produced: Pineal Gland
Type: Amine
Targets: Brain
Effect: Circadian Rhythms (Sleep/Wake Cycle)
5
Q
Where is Melatonin Produced
A
Pineal Gland
6
Q
What type of Hormone is Melatonin
A
Amine
7
Q
Oxytocin Overview
A
Produced: Hypothalamus + Stored in Posterior Pituitary
Type: Peptide
Targets: Breast and Uterus
Effects:
1) Milk Ejection from the breast
2) Uterine contractions
8
Q
Where is oxytocin produced?
A
Hypothalamus (Stored in posterior pituitary)
9
Q
What type of hormone is oxytocin?
A
Peptide
10
Q
What are the effects of oxytocin?
A
1) Milk Ejection from the breast
2) Uterine contractions
11
Q
What are the targets of oxytocin?
A
Breast and Uterus
12
Q
What are the effects of insulin?
A
increase GLUT4 receptor production which increase the amount of glucose entering the cells. This in turn lowers blood glucose levels
13
Q
Vasopressin Overview
A
Produced: Hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary
Type: Peptide
Targets: Kidneys (Distal Tubule)
Effects:Water reabsorption
14
Q
Where is vasopressin produced?
A
Hypothalamus (Stored in posterior pituitary)
15
Q
What type of hormone is vasopressin?
A
Peptide
16
Q
What are the targets of vasopressin?
A
Kidneys
17
Q
What are the effects of vasopressin?
A
Water reabsorption
18
Q
Prolactin Overview
A
Produced: Anterior pituitary
Type: Peptide
Targets: Breast (Mammary Glands)
Effects: Milk Production
19
Q
Where is prolactin produced?
A
Anterior Pituitary
20
Q
What type of hormone is prolactin?
A
Peptide
21
Q
What are the targets of prolactin?
A
Breast (Mammary Glands)
22
Q
What are the effects of prolactin?
A
Milk Production
23
Q
Growth Hormone (somatotropin)(GH) Overview
A
Produced:Anterior Pituitary
Type: Peptide
Targets: Liver and many tissues
Effects:
1) insulin-like Growth factor secretion
2) Growth and metabolism
3. ) Protein Anabolism
24
Q
Where is growth hormone produced?
A
Anterior pituitary
25
What type of hormone is growth hormone?
Peptide
26
What are the targets of growth hormone?
Liver and many other tissues
27
What are the effects of growth hormone?
1) Insulin-like Growth factor secretion
2) Growth and metabolism
3. ) Protein Anabolism
28
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Overview
Produced: Anterior pituitary
Type: Peptide
Targets: Adrenal Cortex
Effects: Cortisol Release
29
Where is ACTH produced?
Anterior pituitary
30
What type of hormone is ACTH?
Peptide
31
What are the targets of ACTH?
adrenal cortex
32
What are the effects of ACTH?
cortisol release
33
Thyrotropin (TSH) Overview
produced: anterior pituitary
type: peptide
targets: thyroid
effects: thyroid hormone synthesis
34
Where is TSH produced?
anterior pituitary
35
What type of hormone is TSH?
peptide
36
What are the targets of TSH?
thyroid
37
What are the effects of TSH?
thyroid hormone synthesis
38
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Overview
produced: Anterior pituitary
type: peptide
targets: gonads
effects:
1) egg or sperm production
2) sex hormone production (granulosa estrogen)
39
Where is FSH produced?
anterior pituitary
40
What type of hormone is FSH?
peptide
41
What are the targets of FSH?
gonads
42
What are the effects of FSH?
1) egg or sperm production
| 2) sex hormone production (granulosa estrogen)
43
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Overview
produced: anterior pituitary
type: peptide
targets: gonads
effects:
1) sex hormone production (theca and leydig adrogens)
2) egg or sperm production
44
Where is LH produced?
anterior pituitary
45
What type of hormone is LH?
peptide
46
What are the targets of LH?
gonads
47
What are the effects of LH?
1) sex hormone production (Theca androgens)
| 2) egg or sperm production
48
Triiodothyronine (T3) Overview
produced: thyroid
type: Amine
targets: many tissues
effects: metabolism, growth and development
49
Where is T3 produced?
thyroid
50
What type of hormone is T3?
amine
51
What are the targets of T3?
many tissues
52
What are the effects of T3?
metabolism, growth and development
53
Thyroxine (T4)
produced: thyroid
type: Amine
targets: many tissues
effects: metabolism, growth and development
54
Where is T4 produced?
thyroid
55
What type of hormone is T4?
amine
56
What are the targets of T4?
many tissues
57
What are the effects of T4?
metabolism, growth and development
58
Calcitonin Overview
produced: thyroid
type: peptide
targets: bone
effects: Inhibits osteoclasts which decreases plasma calcium level
59
Where is calcitonin produced?
thyroid
60
What type of hormone is calcitonin?
peptide
61
What are the targets of calcitonin?
bone
62
What are the effects of calcitonin?
decreases osteocyte activity which lowers the plasma calcium levels
63
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Overview
produced: parathyroid gland
type: peptide
targets: Bone and Kidney
effects:
1) increases osteoclast activity which increases plasma calcium and phosphate levels
2) decreases excretion of calcium in kidneys which increases plasma calcium levels
3) increases excretion of phosphate to lower plasma phosphate levels
64
Where is PTH produced?
parathyroid gland
65
What type of hormone is PTH?
peptide
66
What are the targets of PTH?
bone and kidney
67
What are the effects of PTH?
1) increases osteoclast activity which increases plasma calcium and phosphate levels
2) decreases excretion of calcium in kidneys which increases plasma calcium levels
3) increases excretion of phosphate to lower plasma phosphate levels
68
Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF) Overview
produced: liver
type: peptide
targets: many tissues
effects: growth
69
Where is IGF produced?
liver
70
What type of hormone is IGF?
peptide
71
What are the targets of IGF?
many tissues
72
What are the effects of IGF?
growth
73
Glucagon Overview
produced: Pancreatic alpha cells
type: peptide
targets: liver
effect: increases the breakdown of glycogen which increases plasma glucose concentration
74
Where is glucagon produced?
pancreatic alpha cells
75
What type of hormone is glucagon?
peptide
76
What are the targets of glucagon?
liver
77
What are the effects of glucagon?
increases the breakdown of glycogen which increases plasma glucose concentration
78
Aldosterone Overview
produced: adrenal cortex
type: steroid
targets: kidney (distal tubule)
effects: increases the reabsorption of sodium
79
Where is aldosterone produced?
adrenal cortex
80
What type of hormone is aldosterone?
steroid
81
What are the targets of aldosterone?
kidney (distal tubule)
82
What are the effects of aldosterone?
increases the reabsorption of sodium
83
Cortisol Overview
produced: adrenal cortex
type: steroid
target: many tissues
effects:
1) stress response
2) increases glucose conservation
3) suppresses the immune system
84
Where is cortisol produced?
adrenal cortex
85
What type of hormone is cortisol?
steroid
86
what are the targets of cortisol?
many tissues
87
what are the effects of cortisol?
1) stress response
2) increases glucose conservation
3) suppresses the immune system
88
Androgens Overview
produced: adrenal cortex
type: steroid
targets: many tissues
effects: sex hormone (sex drive in females)
89
where are the androgens produced?
adrenal cortex
90
what type of hormones are the androgens?
steroids
91
what are the targets of androgens?
many tissues
92
what are the effects of androgens?
sex hormone (sex drive in females)
93
Epinephrine Overview
produced: adrenal medulla
types: amine
targets: many tissues
effects: fight or flight response
94
where is epinephrine produced?
adrenal medulla
95
what type of hormones is epinephrine?
amine
96
what are the targets of epinephrine?
many tissues
97
what are the effects of epinephrine?
fight or flight response
98
Calcitrol (vitamin D3) Overview
produced: kidneys (precursor 7-deoxycholesterol is found in the skin)
type: steroid
targets: intestine
effects: increases calcium absorption
99
where is calcitrol produced?
kidney (precursor 7-deoxycholesterol is found in the skin)
100
what type of hormone is calcitrol?
steroid
101
what are the targets of calcitrol?
intestines
102
what are the effects of calcitrol?
increases calcium absorption
103
Progesterone Overview
produced: ovaries
type: steroid
targets: many tissues
effects
1) egg production
2) secondary sex characteristics
104
where is progesterone produced?
ovaries
105
what type of hormone is progesterone?
steroid
106
what are the targets of progesterone?
many tissues
107
what are the effects of progesterone?
1) egg production
| 2) secondary sex characteristics
108
Leptin Overview
produced: adipose tissue
type: peptide
targets: hypothalamus
effects: limits the creation of adipose tissue
109
where is leptin produced?
adipose tissue
110
what type of hormone is leptin?
peptide
111
what are the targets of leptin?
hypothalamus
112
what are the effects of leptin?
limits the creation of adipose tissue
113
Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) Overview
produced: placenta (zygote)
type: peptide
targets: corpus luetum
effects: keeps the corpus luetum secreting estrogen and progesterone
114
where is hCG produced?
placenta (zygote)
115
what type of hormone is cHG?
peptide
116
what are the targets of hCG?
corpus luetum
117
what are the effects of hCG?
keeps the corpus luetum secreting estrogen and progesterone
118
Testosterone Overview
produced: testes (interstitial cells of leydig)
type: steroid
targets: many tissues
effects:
1) sperm production
2) sex characteristics
119
;where is testosterone produced?
testes (interstitial cells of leydig)
120
what type of hormone is testosterone?
steroid
121
what are the targets of testosterone?
many tissues
122
what are the effects of testosterone?
1) sperm production
| 2) sex characteristics
123
Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
produced: hypothalamus
type: peptide
targets: anterior pituitary
effects: stimulates the release of ACTH
124
where is CRH produced?
hypothalamus
125
what type of hormone is CRH?
peptide
126
what are the targets of CRH?
anterior pituitary
127
what are the effects of CRH?
stimulates the release of ACTH
128
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Overview
produced: hypothalamus
type: peptide
targets: anterior pituitary
effects: stimulates the release of FSH and LH
129
where is GnRH produced?
hypothalamus
130
what type of hormone is GnRH?
peptide
131
what are the targets of GnRH?
anterior pituitary
132
what are the effects of GnRH?
stimulates the release of FSH and LH
133
Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (Dopamine)
produced: hypothalamus
type: amine
targets: anterior pituitary
effects: inhibits the release of prolactin
134
where is dopamine produced?
hypothalamus
135
what type of hormone is dopamine?
amine
136
what are the targets of dopamine?
anterior pituitary
137
what are the effects of dopamine?
inhibits release of prolactin
138
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) Overview
produced: hypothalamus
type: amine
targets: anterior pituitary
effects: increases the release of GH
139
Where is GHRH produced?
hypothalamus
140
What type of hormone is GHRH?
amine
141
What are the targets of GHRH?
anterior pituitary
142
What are the effects of GHRH?
increases the release of GHRH
143
Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (somatostatin) Overview
produced: hypothalamus
type: peptide
targets: anterior pituitary
effects: inhibits the release of GH
144
Where is somatostatin produced?
hypothalamus
145
What type of hormone is somatostatin?
peptide
146
What are the targets of somatostatin?
anterior pituitary
147
What are the effects of somatostatin?
inhibits the release of GH
148
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
produced: hypothalamus
type: peptide
targets: anterior pituitary
effects: releases TSH and Prolactin
149
Where is TRH produced?
hypothalamus
150
What type of hormone is TRH?
peptide
151
What are the targets of TRH?
anterior pituitary
152
What are the effects of TRH?
releases TSH and Prolactin
153
Ghrelin Overview
produced: stomach
type: peptide
targets: hypothalamus and pituitary
effects:
1) creates the feeling of hunger when acting on hypothalamus
2) increases the release of GH when acting on the pituitary
154
Where is ghrelin produced?
stomach (fundus)
155
What type of hormone is ghrelin?
peptide
156
What are the targets of ghrelin?
hypothalamus and pituitary
157
What are the effects of ghrelin?
1) creates the feeling of hunger when acting on hypothalamus
| 2) increases the release of GH when acting on the pituitary
158
Estradiol Overview
produced: ovaries
type: steroid
targets: many tissues
effects: sex hormone highest concentration of the three estrogen hormones
159
Where is estrdiol produced?
ovaries
160
What type of hormone is estrdiol?
steroid
161
What are the targets of estrdiol?
many tissues
162
What are the effects of estrdiol?
sex hormone highest concentration of the three estrogen hormones
163
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) Overview
produced: Testes, prostate, hair, adrenal glands
type: steroid
targets: many tissues
effects: androgen hormone more potent then testosterone
164
Where is DHT produced?
Testes, prostate, hair, adrenal glands
165
What type of hormone is DHT?
steroid
166
What are the targets of DHT?
many tissues
167
What are the effects of DHT?
androgen hormone more potent then testosterone
Creates External genatalia
168
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Overview
produced: adrenal glands, gonads, brain
type: steroid
targets: many tissues
effects: major intermediate in the production of androgens and estrogens
169
Where is DHEA produced?
adrenal glands, gonads, brain
170
What type of hormone is DHEA?
steroid
171
What are the targets of DHEA?
many tissues
172
What are the effects of DHEA?
major intermediate in the production of androgens and estrogens
173
Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) Overview
produced: sertoli cells
type: peptide
targets: Mullerian ducts
effects: inhibits the development of the mullerian ducts in males
174
Where is AMH produced?
sertoli cells
175
What type of hormone is AMH?
peptide
176
What are the targets of AMH?
mullerian ducts
177
What are the effects of AMH?
inhibits the development of the mullerian ducts in males
178
Synthesis of protein hormones?
Made in advance
179
synthesis of steroid hormones?
made on demand
180
storage of protein hormones
secretory vesicles
181
storage of steroid hormones
none
182
release of protein hormones
exocytosis
183
release of steroid hormones
diffusion
184
transport of protein hormones
dissolved in plasma
185
transport of steroid hormones
bound to carrier proteins
186
half-life of protein hormones
short
187
half-life of steroid hormones
long
188
receptor location of protein hormones
cell membrane surface
189
receptor location of steroid hormones
usually cytoplasmic
190
receptor response of protein hormones
2nd messenger activation
191
receptor response of steroid hormones
transcriptional regulation
192
target tissue response for protein hormones
modification of existing proteins or exocytosis
193
target tissue response for steroid hormones
changes in protein synthesis
194
Hormone responsible for build up of fat stores (lipogensis) in the liver
insulin
195
hormone responsible for breakdown of fat stores (lipolysis) in liver
cortisol
196
hormone responsible for the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis) in the liver
glucagon
197
hormone responsible for build up of glycogen (glycogenesis) in the liver
insulin
198
hormone responsible for catabolism of proteins in the liver
cortisol
199
hormone responsible for anabolism of proteins in the liver?
insulin
200
hormone responsible for breakdown of fat (lipolysis) in adipose tissue?
cortisol and epinephrine/norepinephrine
201
what hormone builds up fat stores (lipogensis) in adipose tissue?
insulin
202
what hormone builds up glycogen (glycogensis) in the muscle?
insulin
203
what hormone is responsible for the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis) in the muscle?
cortisol
204
what hormone is responsible for protein anabolism in muscle?
insulin
| GH
205
corpus luteum formation occurs during?
during the follicular phase of ovarian cycle
205
what hormone is responsible for proetin catabolism in muscle?
cortisol
