Final Exam Review

Question 1

define forensic science?

Answer 1

The application of criminal and civil law enforced by police agencies to criminal investigations

Question 2

who are crime scene specalists?

Answer 2

People who attend scenes to document, preserve the scene, and collect and preserve the evidence found

Question 3

who are lab specialists?

Answer 3

gather and process documents and evidence given from the scene to analyze and produce findings

Question 4

sir Francis Galton?

Answer 4

classified fingerprints

Question 5

Hans gross

Answer 5

first to apply scientific disciplines to criminal investigations

Question 6

Mathieu Orfila

Answer 6

identification of poison -> led to forensic toxicology

Question 7

Calvin Goddard

Answer 7

identification go gun to barrel

Question 8

deductive reasoning

Answer 8

logical approach to evidence from general to specific conclusions

Question 9

inductive reasoning

Answer 9

conclusions go from specific to general

Question 10

critical thinking

Answer 10

process of analyzing evidence to gather conclusions about the facts of a scene

Question 11

testimonial evidence

Answer 11

oral evidence from victims, witnesses etc

Question 12

physical evidnece

Answer 12

bullets, bodily fluids, fingerprints, hair etc

Question 13

documental evidence

Answer 13

receipt’s, written statements etc

Question 14

chain of custody

Answer 14

list of individuals who have come in possession of the item

Question 15

Evidence contamination

Answer 15

alteration to the evidence that could compromise the integrity of the initial crime scene

Question 16

innocent mechanism

Answer 16

evidence left behind that could be justified as a normal occurrence

ex. bank door with numerous fingerprints

Question 17

evidentary value

Answer 17

evidence through deductive reasoning, that is collected by witness, victim or suspect that could impact the investigation.

Question 18

Expert Witness

Answer 18

person with special knowledge in field that is permitted to testify.

Question 19

CSI Effect

Answer 19

Crime shows that distort the viewers perception of criminal investigations (including evidence material, lab processing time etc)

Question 20

Cognitive bias

Answer 20

individuals beliefs, motives and situational context can affect the way evidence is processed and evaluated

Question 21

confirmation bias

Answer 21

search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms what we already believe

Question 22

contextual bias

Answer 22

someone’s judgment is influenced by outside information or context that shouldn’t matter

Question 23

who is Dr. Charles Randal Smith

Answer 23

doctor who performed faulty child autopsies, withheld important evidence, and was biased

Question 24

what it the innocence project?

Answer 24

non-profit organization that works to prove individuals innocence who have been wrongfully convicted.

• through the use of DNA, forensic science or reforming the criminal justice system.

Question 25

Under who do Forensic labourites operate?

Answer 25

under the RCMP jurisdiction

Question 26

3 stages for biology services?

Answer 26

1) Evidence recovery 2) Analysis stage 3) reporting stage

Question 27

National Anti-counterfeiting Bureau (NACB)

Answer 27

assists in establishing counterfeit trends and supporting criminal investigations

Question 28

Trace evidence

Answer 28

recovers, compares and identifies non-biological evidence (ex. gunshot residue, paint etc)

Question 29

toxicology services

Answer 29

bodily fluids (blood, urine etc) and other types of evidence sent here.

Question 30

equipment for proper evidence handling

Answer 30

paper/plastic bags, swabs, Gunshot residue kits etc

Question 31

what does SWGFAST stand for

Answer 31

Scientific working group on friction ridge analysts, study and technology

Question 32

how many delta's does each print have?

Answer 32

Arch/tented - 0 Whorl - 2 Loop - 1

Question 33

permanent alterations to prints

Answer 33

Injury that has reached there dermis layer scars, burns, dermatitis, occupation (tile setting)

Question 34

temporary alterations

Answer 34

warts, paper cuts, swelling/blisters, too much/little moisture and dryness

Question 35

structure of epidermis

Answer 35

1. stratum corneum 2. stratum lucidum 3. stratum grandulosum 4. stratum spinosum 5. stratum basale 6. Dermis

Question 36

blind verification

Answer 36

examination by another competent examiner who is provided with no, or limited, contextual information, and has no expectation or knowledge of the determinations or conclusions of the original examiner

Question 37

who is Colonel Russell Williams

Answer 37

Colonel convicted of numerous break and enters, sexual assaults and murder

Question 38

Class Characteristic

Answer 38

feature shared by 2 or more items of footwear or tires

Question 39

Accidental characteristic

Answer 39

feature on sole or tire treads due to cuts, scratches, tears etc

Question 40

degree of wear

Answer 40

extent to which the sole or tire has been eroded

Question 41

wear (tire and sole)

Answer 41

erosion of the footwear outsole or tire treads

Question 42

Standard 7 conclusions: footwear & Tire Tread

Answer 42

1. Lacks sufficient detail 2. Exclusion 3. indications of non association 4. limited association of class characteristics 5. association of class characteristics 6. high degree of association 7. identification

Question 43

passive stains

Answer 43

drops of blood, gravity is the only force acting on the blood

Question 44

transfer stains

Answer 44

when bloodied surface comes into contact with another surface

Question 45

impact stain

Answer 45

blood splattered due to object striking the blood

Question 46

Area of origin

Answer 46

origin of the initial bloodshed

Question 47

bubble ring

Answer 47

outline with a bloodstain resulting from air in the blood

Question 48

Cast-off pattern

Answer 48

blood patterns resulting from a flinging motion

Question 49

drip pattern

Answer 49

pattern that resulted from one liquid dripping into another liquid (passive)

Question 50

pool

Answer 50

bloodstain due to an accumulation of liquid blood

Question 51

void

Answer 51

absence of blood in an otherwise continuous bloodstain

Question 52

what can determine the victims characteristics?

Answer 52

Skull and pelvis

Question 53

what is PMI

Answer 53

time that has elapsed since an individuals death

Question 54

colonization stages

Answer 54

1. eggs 2. 1st instar (2-5mm with 1 slit) 3. 2nd instar (10mm with 2 slits) 4. 3rd instar (15-20mm) 5. Pupae 6. Adult blowfly

Question 55

what is Myiasis

Answer 55

parasitic infestation of a live human or animal

Question 56

Metabolism of Alcohol

Answer 56

1. absorption 2. distribution 3. elimination (oxidation & excretion)

Question 57

A caliber

Answer 57

diameter of the bore of a rifled firearm

Question 58

a gauge

Answer 58

size designation of shotgun

Question 59

firearm identification

Answer 59

disciplined concerned with determining whether a bullet or cartridge came from a particular weapon

Question 60

2 categories for guns

Answer 60

1. Handguns (pistols) 2. Long guns (shotguns)

Question 61

most common tools for crime scenes?

Answer 61

drills, screwdrivers, hammers, pryers and hammers

Question 62

small tool mark evidences

Answer 62

cut alarm wires, lock shackles, doorknobs, telephone lines etc

Question 63

conclusions for tool marks

Answer 63

1. identification 2. inconclusive 3. elimination 4. unsuitable

Question 64

3 layers to hair

Answer 64

1. the cuticle 2. cortex 3. medulla

Question 65

fibers

Answer 65

natural fibres (wool, cashmere, cotton, fur), synthetic (polyester, spandex)

Question 66

5 stages of decomposition

Answer 66

1. Autolysis 2. bloat 3. active decay 4. advanced decay 5. skeletonization

Question 67

internal examinations

Answer 67

examiner will open up the body - weigh organs - skull examination - microscopic examination of lungs/liver to confirm drug use

Question 68

blunt force trauma

Answer 68

non-sharp object which can scrape or tear tissue

Question 70

sharp force trauma

Answer 70

sharp weapons are inflicted which are capable of cutting or stabbing.

Question 71

stab vs cut

Answer 71

stab - deeper than its length cut - longer than it is deep

Question 72

Asphyxia

Answer 72

interference of oxygen. ex. carbon monoxide from fire entering your system

Question 73

5 manners of death

Answer 73

1. homicide 2. suicide 3. accidental 4. natural 5. undetermined

Question 74

algor mortis

Answer 74

body cooling until ambient temp after death

Question 75

livor mortis

Answer 75

blood circulation settles to area closest to the ground

Question 76

rigor mortis

Answer 76

body stiffening within 24 hours to 36 hours

Question 77

DNA

Answer 77

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 78

forensic light source

Answer 78

resource to field search for semen

Question 79

mitochondrial dna

Answer 79

maternal side of the dna

Question 80

YSTR

Answer 80

both paternal side of the dna

Question 81

Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR)

Answer 81

machine that duplicates a portion of the DNA

Question 82

combined DNA Index system

Answer 82

software that houses the genetic profile of convicted offenders, missing people and unsolved crime scenes

Question 83

3 requirements for combustion

Answer 83

1. fuel 2. oxygen 3. heat

Question 84

deflagration

Answer 84

rapid oxidation reaction generated by low-intensity pressure that can disrupt surrounding

Question 85

detonation

Answer 85

rapid oxidation accompanied by violent disruptive effect and intense shock wave

Question 86

low vs high explosives

Answer 86

low - black and smokeless; decompose in less than 1000 metres per sec high - denotation at rates of 1000 to 8500 metres per sec

Question 87

2 classifications of high explosives

Answer 87

primary explosive - ultra sensitive to heat, shock or friction (TNT) Secondary explosives - insensitive to heat, shock or friction

Question 88

fundamentals to digital forensic examining?

Answer 88

1. Acquire + preserve 2. examine data 3. create disclosure report 4. provide expert testimony

Question 89

Data storage

Answer 89

Hard disks, Flash (USB, phones, cars), Cloud (iCloud, one drive etc)

Question 90

challenges of digital forensics

Answer 90

encryption cloud storage data privacy evolving tech volume of data

Question 91

ardox / R6G / Basic Yellow

Answer 91

dye to create contrast