Final Exam review

Question 1

What is Kinematics

Answer 1

The study of the appearance or description of motion. Study of the size, sequencing, and timing of movement, without regard for the forces that cause or result from the motion.

Question 2

What is Kinetics?

Answer 2

The study of the actions of forces (Forces can be thought of as a push or pull acting on a body) includes internal forces (muscle force) and external forces (the forces of gravity and the forces exchanged by bat and ball)

Question 3

What is Kinesiology?

Answer 3

is a science of human movement.
Discipline that focuses on physical activity. Applies scientific based medical principles toward the analysis, preservation and enhancement of human movement in all settings and populations.

Question 4

What is Newtonian Physics?

Answer 4

Called classical mechanics; Involves the relationship of forces, objects, and motion.

Question 5

What is Newton’s 1st Law?

Answer 5

Law of Inertia: A system at rest will remain at rest until forced to move. A System in motion will continue in a straight line with constant speed unless acted on by another force.

Question 6

What is Newton’s 2nd Law?

Answer 6

Law of Acceleration: cause & effect.
The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. The direction of the acceleration is in the direction of he applied net force. Force= Mass x Acceleration (F=ma)

Question 7

What is Newton’s 3rd Law?

Answer 7

Law of Action-Reaction: For every force, there is an equal and opposite force.
On earth gravity is almost always touching every object.

Question 8

What are levers?

Answer 8

levers are used to alter the resulting direction of the applied force.
A lever is a rigid bar (bone) that turns about an axis of rotation or fulcrum (joint).
THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE POINTS DETERMINE THE TYPE OF LEVER.

Question 9

What is the 1st class levers?

Answer 9

MA varies.
FORCE. AXIS. RESISTANCE.
Example: scissors

Question 10

What is the 2nd class lever?

Answer 10

Favors the effort force
MA>1 (smaller effort force can balance a larger resistive force)
AXIS. RESISTANCE. FORCE
example: wheelbarrow

Question 11

What is the 3rd class lever?

Answer 11

The majority of musculoskeletal systems are in third-class levers.
Favors speed and range of movement
MA< 1
AXIS. FORCE. RESISTANCE.
example: shoveling dirt.

Question 12

What is the equation need to remember?

Answer 12

F x FA = R x RA

Question 13

What is the main function of the skeletal system?

Answer 13

Support; Protection; movement; Electrolyte/pH balance.; Blood Formation

Question 14

How many bones does the human body have?

Answer 14

206 bones

Question 15

What is a flat bone?

Answer 15

Cranial bones, sternum, scapula. ribs and hip bones

Question 16

What are Long bones?

Answer 16

Bones of limbs, and hands/ feet. (metacarpals/tarsals, phalanges)

Question 17

What are short bones?

Answer 17

Carpals, and tarsals, patella, these bones are equal in length and width.

Question 18

What are irregular bones?

Answer 18

Bones that don’t fall into the above classes. Examples include the vertebrae, sphenoid, and ethmoid of the skull.

Question 19

What do Osseous composition cells contain?

Answer 19

*Collagen (type 1): 90% of extracellular matrix.
* Water: 25% of total weight
*Inorganic Material: Calcium; Phosphate; Hydroxyapatite (inorganic crystal mineral); covalently bonded to type I collagen.

Question 20

What is Osteogenic Cells?

Answer 20

The stem cells of bone tissues, give rise to osteoblast(s).

Question 21

What is osteoblasts?

Answer 21

Non-mitotic immature bone cells that only develop from osteogenic cells. Secrete the soft organic matrix.

Question 22

What is osteocytes?

Answer 22

Mature osseous cells that are tapped in the bone matrix. (these were osteoblasts)

Question 23

What is osteoclasts?

Answer 23

Bone cells that “break down bone”, come from the hemocytoblast, not the osteogenic cell.

Question 24

When does ossification begins?

Answer 24

begins at the 4th week prenatally

Question 25

When does epiphysis ossification start?

Answer 25

starts at 2 months postnatal

Question 26

When does the closure of the epiphyseal plates occur in males?

Answer 26

Occur as late as age 25 years in males.
Growth lengthwise will cease, however, the diameter of the shaft is able to continue its growth depending upon the stresses that are imposed.

Question 27

What vitamins are developed during bone growth?

Answer 27

• Vitamin D= maintain Ca levels in the blood
  *Vitamin B12= plays role in osteoblast activity
  *Vitamin C = deficiency leads to decreased collagen production which retards bone growth and delays the healing of fractures
  *Vitamin A = regulation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts during development; A deficiency results in a decreased rate of skeleton growth

Question 28

What is Calcitriol?

Answer 28

It’s from vitamin D synthesis; UV light from the sun -> converts a cholesterol molecule to vitamin D -> travels to the liver and then the kidney using the bloodstream -> converted to calcitriol using the liver and kidney.

Question 29

What are the main hormones in maintenance & development?

Answer 29

HGH & Estrogen & Testosterone
T3 & T4
Insulin: regulate Ca2+ homeostasis
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Question 30

What hormones regulate Ca2+ homeostasis?

Answer 30

*Calcitonin
*Neural Factors

Question 31

what effects of hormones of hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia?

Answer 31

• HYPERCALCEMIA: calcitonin is released into bloodstream
  EFFECT:
• increase osteoblast/cyte deposition of bone
  *shuts off osteoclast

*HYPOCALCEMIA: PTH gets released and increased calcitriol production
EFFECT:
* Decrease bone deposition
*Increases osteoclast activity
*Increases calcium absorption from digestive tract
* Reduce kidney secretion of calcium in urine.

Question 32

What is a Salter -Harris Fracture?

Answer 32

• stunt growth in the involved limb
  *A portion of the damaged growth plate may remain functional (open) and thus the bone and limb become twisted.

Question 33

What is moment of Inertia?

Answer 33

• I=m^r2
• The more the density of mass from the neutral axis the stronger the resistance to bending.

Question 34

what is the process of fracture healing of bones?

Answer 34

1. formation of a hematoma
2. Invasion of relatively undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
3. Collagenoblasts lay down a fibrous connective tissue within the hematoma
4. Chondroblasts (from osteoprogenitor cells) lay down cartilaginous material.
5. Immature bone is laid down by osteoblasts (osteoprogenitor cells)
6. eventually, in weeks and months, the development of mature laminar bone

Question 35

What is Wolff’s Law?

Answer 35

*Resorption =. response to decreased stress; osteoclasts dominate; Disuse, immobilization, microgravity
*Deposition = response to increased stress; Osteoblasts dominate; weight-bearing exercise

Question 36

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 36

• Loss of calcium in bone.
• Demineralization in the bone