Final Exam Review Flashcards
Autonomy of Sport
freedom enjoyed by national and international sport organizations to decide on internal matters
Switzerland and Sport
Most sporting countries want a “seat” in switzerland so that they can help make decisions and are seen as legit
Case Study Blake Leeper
Prosthetic blades to run. Used to run with able-bodied athletes but was told that his blades were too long, so he ahd an advantage over the other runners.
Blake Leeper’s argument?
World Athletics had limited its autonomy by committing itself to be a non-discriminatory sport. (But it was not).
placing the burden on all athletes using mechanical aids might be considered what?
indirectly discriminatory against athletes with a disability
Arbitration vs. Mediation
putting power in someone else’s hands vs people try to come to an agreement
Match-Fixing
Team intentionally loses in order to benefit a pary. Ex. Sport betting
sport management
Irrational Passions
help to get fans to buy merch, join clubs etc.
Vicarious Identification
Embodying a player or someone else to complete a goal. May inspire the person to buy their merch
Interdependence
Want to keep competitiors around so that there will always be a game, and making money
What are considered part of Public (state) sector?
national, regional, local government
special agencies playing a role in government
Non-profit (voluntary) sector -
what it contains
community-based clubs, international sports federations
biggest non-profit
IOC- international olympic committee
Professional (comercial) sector)
All the pro leagues
people think of these teams and athletes when they think of pro sports
How does the public sector and pro sector overlap?
The public sector influences pro sport because of sport policy. Ex. Raptors must go to government to ask for funding for a new stadium
Organizational Culture
individuals and groups in an organization all hold certain assumptions, norms, and values
Issue with Leaders in non-profit organizations
lack of volunteers - people put in leadership positions when they don’t have the expertise
Order of Governing bodies of Sport
Governance
Management
Admin
3 tiers of professional sport
premier, minor, and developing
What are the two largest leagues in professional sport
NFL and EFL
Why are minor leagues important?
Feeders
Help for scouting new athletes for the pro leagues
IMG media division
purpose
helps to manage world’s greatest athletes and fashion icons. Helps promote fandoms and merch
Who does IMG media compete against?
Octagon
4 ownership structures
Private ownership, community owners, media conglomerates (large company composed of a number of companies engaged in unrelated businesses), win vs profit maximizing
Define sport organizational Culture
Values, beliefs, attitudes
Do all parties view culture in the same way?
No
Non-profit organizations are:
Seperate from State, Don’t return profit from owners, self-governing, lots of volunteers, formally incorporated
Sport Organizational Identity
Meaning
ways in which individuals percieve themselves and are percieved by others.
Want to align the two
Iceberg metaphor
Culture
non-visible. history of team, the part that people don’t see.
values, beliefs
iceberg metaphor
identity
the visible part of iceberg. how people perceive the culture
legends
meaning
events, with fictional details
rites
definition
elaborate, dramatic, planned set of activites
Name 3 Non-profit synonyms
Community, Friendly secotr, and Third sector
European sport system is usually run by/established by
Clubs
American Sport System is usually run by/established by
Schools
The link between lex sportiva and lex publica
level of sport law
National Organization level
is it the U.S or Europe that has transfer fees
Europe
3 unique elements of sport management (characteristics)
ISU
spontaneity, inconsistency, and unpredictability
Win maximisers vs. profit maximisers
do everything to maximise number of wins vs. primary concern is a financial return
True or False: Non-profit focus includes professional paid staff
True
Are non-profit industries interdependent?
Why?
Yes. Because all group members are relying on each other to complete a goal
Heirarchical system of governing bodies of sport
3 GMA
Governance, Management, Administration
Formal vs informal partcipation
Formal: formed with intention and has tuition, clubs, organized competition
Informal: no intention
Iceberg metaphor
Identity - is the visible part (top of the iceberg)
Culture - non-visible part = history of the team; values, beliefs
Legends
Events with embellished fictional details
Professional sport tiers
PMD
Premier, minor, and developing
Two of the largest leagues
NFL and EFL
One big purpose for road cycling and how it benefits the city
Marketing instrument for newspapers, help sell tickets, content creation
When did cycling become a part of the Olympic Games?
In 1896
UCI
Stands for and what it is
Union Cycliste Internationale - world governing body of cycling
Goal of Belgian Cycling foundation
Organizes championships, provides licenses, and encourages young cycling talent
Purpose of Flanders Classics
Further the professionalism of road cycling in Flanders. Organizes events with “Ronde van Vlaanderen” (flagship event)
Scope of Sport
Marketing goods and services pertaining to participation in Sports. Attracts fans
Sport Marketing
Direct and indirect objectives amongst sport customers/businesses are fulfilled through these contests that are being staged
Four utilities that provide value to the customer
marketing
FTPP
form, time, place, and possession
3 C’s of Marketing
Comapny, Competition, Consumer
PEST
Theoretical Framework
Definition
Policitcal, Economic, Social, Technological
Name STP
Marketing strategy further refined for specificity
Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning
Fundamental pillars of development of a strategy
Product, Place, Price, Promotion
What is so distinctive about marketing sport competitions?
2 points
- Sport is intangible, experimental, and subjective.
- Perishable commodity, with no inventory
-Unpredictable and inconsistent - Strong personal and emotional attachment
What kinds of people can be identified as internal stakeholders?
Athletes, coaches, city where sport is taking place, as well as the sponsors
What level are most purchases made?
“Want” level
Governance Theory
Internal Monitoring: Agency and Stewardship theory
Agency: managers may have different goals for the comapny/team than the share/stakeholders
Stewardship: managers want exactly what the share/stakeholders want
Governance Theory
Institutional, Resource dependence, and network theory
- governance system adopted bcz of external pressures
- behavior dictated by relationship with the environment
- socially binding contracts drive performance
Stakeholder Theory
need to maintain a series of interdependent relationships. CSR (coporate social responsibility)
What are shareholders vs. stake holders?
Share- someone who puts their own money into the company
Stake - anyone who is impacted by the company’s decisions
What is conformance in relation to corporate governance?
Shreholders
company has to conform to rules that their shareholders make
Role Ambiguity
Confusion as to who is in the lead. Ex. paid staff confused if they are to follow the volunteers who seem to be above them
Equity
fair poliveis in place to assert good governance
Threat of Competition
more paid staff means needing to hire better staff to compete with other organizations
Drivers of Change in Governance
4 points
Influence of funding agencies
Threat of Litigation
Threat of Competition
Performance demands from government
Name a complex HRM environment
collegiate sport
Four tools available for Strategic Analysis
SSCF
SWOT analysis
Stakeholder and customer needs analysis
Competitor Analysis
Five forces analysis
Five Forces
out of substitute products and services, suppliers, buyers, rivalry amongst competition, and potential new entrants what is the force that connects them
Rivalry amongst competition
A simple word to describe “strategy implementation”
Planning
Work Specialization
Broken Down
- tasks performed repetitively
- cannot be too boring or stressful to avoid accidents
Span of Control
Number of people that can be supervised efficiently
How does size of structure affect the organization?
Bigger org = more formal.
Because there is higher standards put in place to account for every aspect
Ex. volunteeting vs. working for the raptors
Match European and American sport systems with either “schools or clubs”
E - clubs
A - schools
List 3 out of 4 non-profit synonyms
community, friendly, and third sectors
The link found between lex publica and lex sportiva
National Organization
Does the U.S. or Europe have transfer fees?
Europe has transfer fees
Lex publica and lex sportiva - which is not involved in sport law
lex publica - only involved at the national organization level
Unique elements of sport management are:
3 of them ISU
Inconsistency, spontaneity, and unpredictability
Centralization vs. Decentralization
Few people allowed to input on decisions.
vs
Decision-making handed down to front line staff (lower staff)
Formalization meaning
extent to which jobs are standardized and have rules and procedures in place
4 Structural Models
Simple, Bureaucratic, Matrix org., and team structure
Size and Centralization
the larger the organization the more decison-making is done at different levels to get more work done
