ANP 1105 - Final Review Flashcards
What layer of blood vessel wall is critical for regulating circulatory dynamics?
Because it is the bulkiest layer in arteries
Maintains BP
The tunica media
Name an example of an Elastic (Conducting) Artery
Aorta and its major branches
What layer are capillaries made up of. Joined by what
tunica intima. Tight Junctions (for passage of fluids)
Pericytes in capillaries
spatially isolated contractile cells - controls blood flow
What type of capillary is the most permeable?
Sinusoid capillary
What is microcirculation in capillaries
blood flow from arterioles to venules
Where are mesenteric capillary beds found
In serous membranes of intestinal mesenteries
What promotes blood return in veins?
large-diameter lumen
Vascular Anastomoses
mulitple arteries leading to support one organ with blood (arterial anastomoses)
What are 3 factors that influence TPR
- Blood viscosity
- Blood vessel length
- Blood vessel diameter
What activation system makes venoconstriction occur
Sympathetic
3 ways that venous blood return can be aided
MRV
Muscular Pump, Respiratory Pump, Venoconstriction
Function of the medulla oblongata
Connects the brain to the spinal cord
Vasomotor center purpose
Sends impulses vasomotor fibers (sympathetic system) to constrict.
Continuous vessel constriction is called vasomotor tone
CV center responds to input from
3
Baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers
Main function of carotid sinuses
Main blood supply to the brain
Baroreceptors. Basics of how it works
CV center
BRs get stretched sending impulses to the CV center. Activating the cardioinhibitory and vasomotor centers
Are baroreceptors for short or long-term aid? Give examples
Short - standing and bending
Chronic Hypertension
Baroreceptors
People with continuous high BP will develop hypertension because the BRs adapt to the high pressure changes.
Higher set point
Chemoreceptor main function
Increase CO which makes it so there is a rise in BP and more blood flow goes to the heart
Hormonal Regulation and how it is affected short-term and long-term
Short via PR
Long via blood volume
What does the adrenal medulla hormone release during stress periods?
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Result of low BP or BV in kidney
Water is conserved and returned to the bloodstream.
When does renin get released?
arterial blood pressure declines, certain cells in the kidney will release renin into the blood. Renin enzymatically spits angiotensin which will then help to stabilize the arterial blood pressure.
What is atherosclerosis
Buildup of plaque in the artery walls. Cause decrease in blood flow
3 types of circulatory shock
Hypovolemic shock - large-scale blood loss
Vascular - extreme vasodilation - slow blood flow
Cardiogenic - heart is so inefficient, cannot sustain adequate circulation
Tissue perfusion
blood flow through body tissues
Intrinsic control
2
metabolic and myogenic
Extrinsic controls
Neural and hormonal
Reactive vs. active hyperemia
Reactive - if there is a blood occlusion then there will be a blood flow response
Active - blood flow response to increase in tissue metabolic activity
Where are capillaries found?
Throughout the whole body, they exhange and diffuse nutrients to sustain the body. Found within all tissues and organs
How close are tissues with capillaries
Within 0.02 mm
How does the velocity of blood flow change throughout the different blood vessels
Fastest in aorta, then slowest in capillaries, then normal speed in veins (depending on where it is going)
Four routes to cross capillary
- Diffuse directly through endothelial membranes - lipid-soluble molecules (gases)
- Pass through clefts - water-soluble solutes
- Pass through fenestrations - water-soluble solutes
- Active transport via pinocytotic vesicles or caveolae - large molecules such as proteins
Lipid-soluble
Being able to dissolve in fats, oils, or fatty tissues
How much fluid is filtered out and reabsorbed back into the capillary bed?
20 L out of arterial end and 17 L into venous end
Quick and dirty way of talking about hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures
hydrostatic pressure pushes and OP sucks
Edema
Abnormal increase in the amount of interstitial fluid.
Pulmonary Circulation Loop
From systemic circulation into LV out to lungs back into heart then back out into systemic circulation to nourish the body
Systemic Circulation
Deoxygenated blood from RV -> oxygenated blood that gets pushed out aorta to capillaries around the body. Deoxy blood goes back to heart to get oxygenated
What pair of arteries stimulates the brain
internal carotid arteries
What is the circle of Willis
arteries
Cerebral arterial circle
Importance of mesenteric veins
organs
Mesenteric organ and veins attach all digestive ograns together in the abdomen
Hepatic veins function
Return low-oxygen blood back to the heart
How many L of lymph (fluid) are drained each day
3 L
Atherosclerosis
plaque build-up in arteries leading to possible heart failure
Aneurysm
bulge in a blood vessel that may burst and cause interanl bleeding
Where can pathogens and cancer cells travel
through lymphatic system
What are the lymphatic capillaries called
lacteals
Where is the cisterna chyli located near?
Lymphatic trunk
near lumbar trunks
Albumin and blood
protein that helps maintain the pressure in the arteries so that there isn’t too much, and the fluid can make it around the body
Is MAP closer to diastolic or systolic pressure
diastolic because the ventricles spend more time in diastole than systole
2/3s distole 1/3 systole
Which hormone primarily lowers blood pressure?
atrial natriuretic peptide
What is the net hydrostatic pressure found at the arterial end
34 mm Hg
Role of pulmonary veins
bring oxygen-rich blood from lungs to heart
Roles of superior and inferior vena cavae
Superior - brings oxygen-poor blood froma reas above the diaphragm
Inferior - brings from below the diaphragm
How to calculate NFP (net filtration pressure)?
add outward pressure together minus the addition of inward pressure (in towards the artery)
What is a nickname for veins
blood reservoirs
What fibers aid in vasoconstriction during SNS activity
vasomotor fibers
List 4 ways that lymph is transported
milked by skeletal muscle
pressure changes in thorax
valves to prevent backflow
contractions of SM in walls
thymus
lymphatics
a lymphoid organ situated in the neck of vertebrates that produces T cells for the immune system
T-cell and B-cell originate from where
different spots
thymus
bone marrow
Name some common lymph organs
lymph nodes, spleen, thymus
Where are the largest clusters of lymph nodes found
cervical, axillary, and ingenuinal area
Role of dendritic cells
immune and T-cells
discover antigens and present them to the T-cell to be destroyed
What happens in superficial and deep cortex
S - germinal centers that produce a lot of B-cells
D - T-cells in transit. Dendritic cells
Medullary cords
lymphatic cell structure
inward extensions where t and b cells are found
lymph sinuses
lymph structure
act like capillaries where fluid comes up through them. Macrophages on surrounding RTs attack foreign matter
what does MALT stand for
list the three biggest ones
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
tonsils, peyer’s patches, appendix
location of peyer’s patches
wall of small intestine
job of B cells
produce antibodies that will mark antigens for destruction
thymus doesn’t contain follicles so what CAN’T it produce
B-cells
where do T cells mature
thymus
where do B cells mature
bone marrow
what does stroma of thymus contain rather than RTs (CT)
epithelia cells
Where does the thoracic duct drain from
left side of body and rigth abdomen and leg
Are there more efferent or afferent vessels in the lymph node
less efferent so that the fluid can move slower inside the node
lymphangitis presents itself as
red lines under the skin that are sensitive to the touch
sentinel node is the first node to what
recieves lymph drainage from a body area suspected of cancer
Pulse Pressure
Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. Heartbeat
Antiduretic hormone function
BP
acts on arterioles and kidneys to increase BP
Angiotensin II function
acts on arterioles to increase BP
Atrial Natriuretic peptide function
acts on arterioles to LOWER BP
Hypertension arteriole pressure number
140/90
Which part of nose produces mucus?
paranasal sinus
Rhinitis and sinusitis
inflammation of nasal mucosa
blocked nasal airways
Where is the isthmus of fauces open up to
oral cavity
what are the names of the two tonsils that open into the oral cavity
palatine and lingual
Carina
trachea
point on trachea where it breaks into two bronchiole branches
Site for erythrocyte production in fetus -organ
lymphatics
spleen
T cells and where they come from and develop
come from bone marrow
mature in thymus
area of lymphocytes suspended by reticular fibers in the spleen are known as
white pulp
Pulmonary circulation
basics
- includes pulmonary arteries with sytemic venous blood from vena cavaes transporting the deoxygenated blood to the lungs. And back through the pul. veins into the LA
Bronchial Circulation
Basics
Oxygenating the lung tissues. Does not reach alveoli
Parasymp. vs symp. motor fibers action on lungs
P - constrict
S - dilate to get more air because hyperventilation
Parasymp. symp. and visceral motor fibers location
enter each lung through pul. plexus and run along bronchial tubes and blood vessels in the lungs
Atelectasis
lungs
lung collapse
Pneumothorax
lung
ruptured visceral or parietal pleura
air in pleural cavity
Boyle’s Law
lung
relationship between gas pressure and volume
Gas pressure decreases when
thoracic cavity dimensions are enlarged
End result of inspiration
air flows into lungs and gas pressure decreases as all dimensions of thoracic cavity are enlarged. CO2 is decreased
does Ppul decrease or increase in expiration?
increase as air/gas is pushed
What happens to pleural cavity as chest wall expands?
Pip becomes more negative
during each breath how many litres are moved in and out of the lungs
0.5 L
meaning of gas flow changes inversely with resistance
gas flow decreases as resistance increases
why does resitance disapear at terminal bronchioles
gas flow stops and diffusion takes over - resistance no longer an issue
Surfactant role on alveolar surface tension
reduces alveolar surface tension - acts as a detergent.
Keeps them from collapsing
IRDS - infant respiratory distress syndrome
lack of surfactant in newborns leads to collapse of alveoli
Lung Compliance
The more a lung expands for a given rise in transpulmonary pressure
lung compliance is determined by 2 factors
distensibility of tissue and alveolar surface tension
Name the 4 respiratory volumes
Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, residual volume
Dalton’s Law
each partial pressure of gas added together equals a final sum pressure of gas
Henry’s Law
each gas dissolving in direct proportion to its partial pressure
what does gas dissolving depend on
2 factors
solubility
temperature
what is 20x more soluble in water than 02
CO2
does solubility increase or decrease as temp increases
henry’s law
decreases
Respiratory Membrane
membrane seperating air within the alveoli from blood within capillary walls. Consists of alveolar wall, capillary wall, and their basement membranes
Why do CO2 and O2 have equal gases exchanged but their pressure gradients are dissimilar?
CO2 is 20x more soluble in plasma than O2
How does PO2 control perfusion
arteriolar diameter
CO2 controls ventilation
by bronchiolar diameter
Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling
optimal gas exchange
what is oxygen bound to in hemoglobin
fe - iron
Ischemic Hypoxia
blocked circulation
Hypoexemic hypoxia
abnormal ventilation
Histotoxic Hypoxia
cells unable to use O2
Carbon monoxide poisoning
leading cause of death by fire
ml/min of CO2 produced by body cells
200 ml
70% of CO2 travels using/in what
plasma
CO2 is transported in three forms from the tissues
1..dissolved in plasma
2.bound to Hb
3.in form of bicarbonate ion HCO3 in plasma
Hyperpnea
Breathing becomes deep and vigorous during exercise
What body part controls the respiratory rate
medulla
Hyperpnea
lungs
increased ventilation in response to metabolic needs
Haldane Effect
the lower the PO2 carried in the blood the more CO2 can be carried
What is considered the alkaline reserve of the buffer system
HCO3-
Hypocapnia
lungs
decreased blood CO2 levels
may cause fainting
Apnea
lungs
temporary cessation of breathing
Respiratory centers
which one sets respiratory rhythm
medulla and pons
medulla
VRG
meaning and function
ventral respiratory group of medulla
- rhythm-generating and fires neurons for expiration and inspiration (inhibitors)
What chemoreceptor plays a big role on the respiratory brain center
H+ increase
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors found
in carotid arteries and aortic arch
Influence of PO2 on ventilation
decrease in arterial PO2 = increase in ventilation
What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant
rising CO2 levels
rate is determined for breathing how
how long the inspiratory center is active before expiratory inhibitors come in
depth for breathing is determined how
how actively respiratory center stimulates the respiratory muscles
Central vs. Peripheral chemoreceptors
C - located throughout brain stem
P - found in aortic arch and carotid arteries
Chronic Bronchitis
excess mucus production
chronic bronchial inflammation
Emphysema
loss of lung elasticity
breakdown of alveolar walls
gas exchange through what in fetus
placenta
When is respiratory rate highest
in newborns and deteriorates with old age
atelectasis
collapse of lung or part of lung
