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2024S2 FINAL > ANP 1105 - Final Review > Flashcards

ANP 1105 - Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

What layer of blood vessel wall is critical for regulating circulatory dynamics?

Because it is the bulkiest layer in arteries

Maintains BP

A

The tunica media

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2
Q

Name an example of an Elastic (Conducting) Artery

A

Aorta and its major branches

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3
Q

What layer are capillaries made up of. Joined by what

A

tunica intima. Tight Junctions (for passage of fluids)

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4
Q

Pericytes in capillaries

A

spatially isolated contractile cells - controls blood flow

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5
Q

What type of capillary is the most permeable?

A

Sinusoid capillary

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6
Q

What is microcirculation in capillaries

A

blood flow from arterioles to venules

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7
Q

Where are mesenteric capillary beds found

A

In serous membranes of intestinal mesenteries

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8
Q

What promotes blood return in veins?

A

large-diameter lumen

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9
Q

Vascular Anastomoses

A

mulitple arteries leading to support one organ with blood (arterial anastomoses)

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10
Q

What are 3 factors that influence TPR

A
  1. Blood viscosity
  2. Blood vessel length
  3. Blood vessel diameter
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11
Q

What activation system makes venoconstriction occur

A

Sympathetic

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12
Q

3 ways that venous blood return can be aided

MRV

A

Muscular Pump, Respiratory Pump, Venoconstriction

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13
Q

Function of the medulla oblongata

A

Connects the brain to the spinal cord

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14
Q

Vasomotor center purpose

A

Sends impulses vasomotor fibers (sympathetic system) to constrict.

Continuous vessel constriction is called vasomotor tone

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15
Q

CV center responds to input from

3

A

Baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers

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16
Q

Main function of carotid sinuses

A

Main blood supply to the brain

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17
Q

Baroreceptors. Basics of how it works

CV center

A

BRs get stretched sending impulses to the CV center. Activating the cardioinhibitory and vasomotor centers

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18
Q

Are baroreceptors for short or long-term aid? Give examples

A

Short - standing and bending

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19
Q

Chronic Hypertension

Baroreceptors

A

People with continuous high BP will develop hypertension because the BRs adapt to the high pressure changes.

Higher set point

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20
Q

Chemoreceptor main function

A

Increase CO which makes it so there is a rise in BP and more blood flow goes to the heart

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21
Q

Hormonal Regulation and how it is affected short-term and long-term

A

Short via PR
Long via blood volume

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22
Q

What does the adrenal medulla hormone release during stress periods?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

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23
Q

Result of low BP or BV in kidney

A

Water is conserved and returned to the bloodstream.

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24
Q

When does renin get released?

A

arterial blood pressure declines, certain cells in the kidney will release renin into the blood. Renin enzymatically spits angiotensin which will then help to stabilize the arterial blood pressure.

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25
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

Buildup of plaque in the artery walls. Cause decrease in blood flow

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26
Q

3 types of circulatory shock

A

Hypovolemic shock - large-scale blood loss
Vascular - extreme vasodilation - slow blood flow
Cardiogenic - heart is so inefficient, cannot sustain adequate circulation

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27
Q

Tissue perfusion

A

blood flow through body tissues

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28
Q

Intrinsic control

2

A

metabolic and myogenic

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29
Q

Extrinsic controls

A

Neural and hormonal

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30
Q

Reactive vs. active hyperemia

A

Reactive - if there is a blood occlusion then there will be a blood flow response
Active - blood flow response to increase in tissue metabolic activity

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31
Q

Where are capillaries found?

A

Throughout the whole body, they exhange and diffuse nutrients to sustain the body. Found within all tissues and organs

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32
Q

How close are tissues with capillaries

A

Within 0.02 mm

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33
Q

How does the velocity of blood flow change throughout the different blood vessels

A

Fastest in aorta, then slowest in capillaries, then normal speed in veins (depending on where it is going)

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34
Q

Four routes to cross capillary

A
  1. Diffuse directly through endothelial membranes - lipid-soluble molecules (gases)
  2. Pass through clefts - water-soluble solutes
  3. Pass through fenestrations - water-soluble solutes
  4. Active transport via pinocytotic vesicles or caveolae - large molecules such as proteins
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35
Q

Lipid-soluble

A

Being able to dissolve in fats, oils, or fatty tissues

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36
Q

How much fluid is filtered out and reabsorbed back into the capillary bed?

A

20 L out of arterial end and 17 L into venous end

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37
Q

Quick and dirty way of talking about hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures

A

hydrostatic pressure pushes and OP sucks

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38
Q

Edema

A

Abnormal increase in the amount of interstitial fluid.

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39
Q

Pulmonary Circulation Loop

A

From systemic circulation into LV out to lungs back into heart then back out into systemic circulation to nourish the body

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40
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

Deoxygenated blood from RV -> oxygenated blood that gets pushed out aorta to capillaries around the body. Deoxy blood goes back to heart to get oxygenated

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41
Q

What pair of arteries stimulates the brain

A

internal carotid arteries

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42
Q

What is the circle of Willis

arteries

A

Cerebral arterial circle

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43
Q

Importance of mesenteric veins

organs

A

Mesenteric organ and veins attach all digestive ograns together in the abdomen

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44
Q

Hepatic veins function

A

Return low-oxygen blood back to the heart

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45
Q

How many L of lymph (fluid) are drained each day

A

3 L

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46
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

plaque build-up in arteries leading to possible heart failure

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47
Q

Aneurysm

A

bulge in a blood vessel that may burst and cause interanl bleeding

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48
Q

Where can pathogens and cancer cells travel

A

through lymphatic system

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49
Q

What are the lymphatic capillaries called

A

lacteals

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50
Q

Where is the cisterna chyli located near?

Lymphatic trunk

A

near lumbar trunks

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51
Q

Albumin and blood

A

protein that helps maintain the pressure in the arteries so that there isn’t too much, and the fluid can make it around the body

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52
Q

Is MAP closer to diastolic or systolic pressure

A

diastolic because the ventricles spend more time in diastole than systole

2/3s distole 1/3 systole

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53
Q

Which hormone primarily lowers blood pressure?

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

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54
Q

What is the net hydrostatic pressure found at the arterial end

A

34 mm Hg

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55
Q

Role of pulmonary veins

A

bring oxygen-rich blood from lungs to heart

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56
Q

Roles of superior and inferior vena cavae

A

Superior - brings oxygen-poor blood froma reas above the diaphragm
Inferior - brings from below the diaphragm

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56
Q
A
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57
Q

How to calculate NFP (net filtration pressure)?

A

add outward pressure together minus the addition of inward pressure (in towards the artery)

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58
Q

What is a nickname for veins

A

blood reservoirs

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59
Q

What fibers aid in vasoconstriction during SNS activity

A

vasomotor fibers

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60
Q

List 4 ways that lymph is transported

A

milked by skeletal muscle
pressure changes in thorax
valves to prevent backflow
contractions of SM in walls

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61
Q

thymus

lymphatics

A

a lymphoid organ situated in the neck of vertebrates that produces T cells for the immune system

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62
Q

T-cell and B-cell originate from where

different spots

A

thymus
bone marrow

63
Q

Name some common lymph organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus

64
Q

Where are the largest clusters of lymph nodes found

A

cervical, axillary, and ingenuinal area

65
Q
A
66
Q

Role of dendritic cells

immune and T-cells

A

discover antigens and present them to the T-cell to be destroyed

67
Q

What happens in superficial and deep cortex

A

S - germinal centers that produce a lot of B-cells
D - T-cells in transit. Dendritic cells

68
Q

Medullary cords

lymphatic cell structure

A

inward extensions where t and b cells are found

69
Q

lymph sinuses

lymph structure

A

act like capillaries where fluid comes up through them. Macrophages on surrounding RTs attack foreign matter

70
Q

what does MALT stand for

list the three biggest ones

A

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

tonsils, peyer’s patches, appendix

71
Q

location of peyer’s patches

A

wall of small intestine

72
Q

job of B cells

A

produce antibodies that will mark antigens for destruction

73
Q

thymus doesn’t contain follicles so what CAN’T it produce

A

B-cells

74
Q

where do T cells mature

A

thymus

75
Q

where do B cells mature

A

bone marrow

76
Q

what does stroma of thymus contain rather than RTs (CT)

A

epithelia cells

77
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain from

A

left side of body and rigth abdomen and leg

78
Q

Are there more efferent or afferent vessels in the lymph node

A

less efferent so that the fluid can move slower inside the node

79
Q

lymphangitis presents itself as

A

red lines under the skin that are sensitive to the touch

80
Q
A
80
Q
A
80
Q

sentinel node is the first node to what

A

recieves lymph drainage from a body area suspected of cancer

81
Q

Pulse Pressure

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. Heartbeat

82
Q

Antiduretic hormone function

BP

A

acts on arterioles and kidneys to increase BP

83
Q

Angiotensin II function

A

acts on arterioles to increase BP

84
Q

Atrial Natriuretic peptide function

A

acts on arterioles to LOWER BP

85
Q

Hypertension arteriole pressure number

A

140/90

86
Q

Which part of nose produces mucus?

A

paranasal sinus

87
Q

Rhinitis and sinusitis

A

inflammation of nasal mucosa
blocked nasal airways

88
Q

Where is the isthmus of fauces open up to

A

oral cavity

89
Q

what are the names of the two tonsils that open into the oral cavity

A

palatine and lingual

90
Q

Carina

trachea

A

point on trachea where it breaks into two bronchiole branches

91
Q

Site for erythrocyte production in fetus -organ

lymphatics

A

spleen

92
Q

T cells and where they come from and develop

A

come from bone marrow
mature in thymus

93
Q

area of lymphocytes suspended by reticular fibers in the spleen are known as

A

white pulp

94
Q

Pulmonary circulation

basics

A
  • includes pulmonary arteries with sytemic venous blood from vena cavaes transporting the deoxygenated blood to the lungs. And back through the pul. veins into the LA
95
Q

Bronchial Circulation

Basics

A

Oxygenating the lung tissues. Does not reach alveoli

96
Q

Parasymp. vs symp. motor fibers action on lungs

A

P - constrict
S - dilate to get more air because hyperventilation

97
Q

Parasymp. symp. and visceral motor fibers location

A

enter each lung through pul. plexus and run along bronchial tubes and blood vessels in the lungs

98
Q

Atelectasis

lungs

A

lung collapse

99
Q

Pneumothorax

lung

A

ruptured visceral or parietal pleura

air in pleural cavity

100
Q

Boyle’s Law

lung

A

relationship between gas pressure and volume

101
Q

Gas pressure decreases when

A

thoracic cavity dimensions are enlarged

102
Q

End result of inspiration

A

air flows into lungs and gas pressure decreases as all dimensions of thoracic cavity are enlarged. CO2 is decreased

103
Q

does Ppul decrease or increase in expiration?

A

increase as air/gas is pushed

104
Q

What happens to pleural cavity as chest wall expands?

A

Pip becomes more negative

105
Q

during each breath how many litres are moved in and out of the lungs

A

0.5 L

106
Q

meaning of gas flow changes inversely with resistance

A

gas flow decreases as resistance increases

107
Q

why does resitance disapear at terminal bronchioles

A

gas flow stops and diffusion takes over - resistance no longer an issue

108
Q

Surfactant role on alveolar surface tension

A

reduces alveolar surface tension - acts as a detergent.
Keeps them from collapsing

109
Q

IRDS - infant respiratory distress syndrome

A

lack of surfactant in newborns leads to collapse of alveoli

110
Q

Lung Compliance

A

The more a lung expands for a given rise in transpulmonary pressure

111
Q

lung compliance is determined by 2 factors

A

distensibility of tissue and alveolar surface tension

112
Q

Name the 4 respiratory volumes

A

Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, residual volume

113
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

each partial pressure of gas added together equals a final sum pressure of gas

114
Q

Henry’s Law

A

each gas dissolving in direct proportion to its partial pressure

115
Q

what does gas dissolving depend on

2 factors

A

solubility
temperature

116
Q

what is 20x more soluble in water than 02

A

CO2

117
Q

does solubility increase or decrease as temp increases

henry’s law

A

decreases

118
Q

Respiratory Membrane

A

membrane seperating air within the alveoli from blood within capillary walls. Consists of alveolar wall, capillary wall, and their basement membranes

119
Q

Why do CO2 and O2 have equal gases exchanged but their pressure gradients are dissimilar?

A

CO2 is 20x more soluble in plasma than O2

120
Q

How does PO2 control perfusion

A

arteriolar diameter

121
Q

CO2 controls ventilation

A

by bronchiolar diameter

122
Q

Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling

A

optimal gas exchange

123
Q

what is oxygen bound to in hemoglobin

A

fe - iron

124
Q

Ischemic Hypoxia

A

blocked circulation

125
Q

Hypoexemic hypoxia

A

abnormal ventilation

126
Q

Histotoxic Hypoxia

A

cells unable to use O2

127
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning

A

leading cause of death by fire

128
Q

ml/min of CO2 produced by body cells

A

200 ml

129
Q

70% of CO2 travels using/in what

A

plasma

130
Q

CO2 is transported in three forms from the tissues

A

1..dissolved in plasma
2.bound to Hb
3.in form of bicarbonate ion HCO3 in plasma

131
Q

Hyperpnea

A

Breathing becomes deep and vigorous during exercise

132
Q

What body part controls the respiratory rate

A

medulla

132
Q

Hyperpnea

lungs

A

increased ventilation in response to metabolic needs

132
Q

Haldane Effect

A

the lower the PO2 carried in the blood the more CO2 can be carried

133
Q

What is considered the alkaline reserve of the buffer system

A

HCO3-

134
Q

Hypocapnia

lungs

A

decreased blood CO2 levels

may cause fainting

135
Q

Apnea

lungs

A

temporary cessation of breathing

136
Q

Respiratory centers

which one sets respiratory rhythm

A

medulla and pons

medulla

137
Q

VRG

meaning and function

A

ventral respiratory group of medulla
- rhythm-generating and fires neurons for expiration and inspiration (inhibitors)

138
Q

What chemoreceptor plays a big role on the respiratory brain center

A

H+ increase

139
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors found

A

in carotid arteries and aortic arch

140
Q

Influence of PO2 on ventilation

A

decrease in arterial PO2 = increase in ventilation

141
Q

What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant

A

rising CO2 levels

142
Q

rate is determined for breathing how

A

how long the inspiratory center is active before expiratory inhibitors come in

143
Q

depth for breathing is determined how

A

how actively respiratory center stimulates the respiratory muscles

144
Q

Central vs. Peripheral chemoreceptors

A

C - located throughout brain stem
P - found in aortic arch and carotid arteries

145
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A

excess mucus production
chronic bronchial inflammation

146
Q

Emphysema

A

loss of lung elasticity
breakdown of alveolar walls

147
Q

gas exchange through what in fetus

A

placenta

148
Q

When is respiratory rate highest

A

in newborns and deteriorates with old age

149
Q

atelectasis

A

collapse of lung or part of lung

150
Q
A

2024S2 FINAL (2 decks)

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