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Human Physiology > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

Glucose/ amino acids reabsorbed
Reabsorption of water, NaCl, HCO3
some secretion of H+, drugs/ poisons

A

What’s happening in PCT

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2
Q

Reabsorbs but doesn’t secrete
Permeable to water, NOT IONS

Function= concentrates filtrate

A

Descending loop of Henle

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3
Q

Reabsorbs but doesn’t secrete
Permeable to ions, NOT WATER
NaCl reabsorbed

Function= dilutes filtrate

A

Ascending loop of Henle

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4
Q

Fine regulation of ions NaCl & HCO3 reabsorbed, K+ secretion/ Na+ reabsorbed
pH- H+ secretion

A

DCT

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5
Q

Bladder stretches receptors
Spinal cord
Parasympathetic neurons stimulate bladder wall muscle
Relaxation of urethral sphincter

A

Micturition reflex

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6
Q

Is this normal in urine?
Glucose
Bilirubin
Proteins
Ketones
Hemoglobin
Red blood cells
White blood cells

A

No, it’s abnormal urine

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7
Q

Is this normal in urine?
Ammonia odor
pH 4.5-8
Urea
Na+ K+
Phosphates
Ca2+
Mg2+
HCO3-

A

Yes, normal urine

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8
Q

What is most abundant solute in urine?

A

Urea

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9
Q

What is RAAS function?

A

Maintain/ increase MAP

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10
Q

What is RAAS a pathway for and what does it stand for?

A

Aldosterone
Renin-antigotensin-aldosterone system

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11
Q

Which system increases Na+, water reabsorption, plasma, and MAP

A

RAAS

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12
Q

Low blood pressure stimulates kidney to produce renin

A

Step 1 of RAAS

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13
Q

Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

A

Step 2 of RAAS

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14
Q

Angiotensin 1 is converted to angiotensin 2 by angiotensin enzyme ACE

A

Step 3 of RAAS

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15
Q

Angiotensin 2 stimulates
1. Adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone
2. Increase vasopressin
3. Trigger thirst intake
4. Constrict blood vessels to increase MAP

A

Step 4 of RAAS

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16
Q

What does ANP and BNP stand for?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide
Brain natriuretic peptide

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17
Q

What inhibits Na+ reabsorption from nephrons and inhibits the secretion of renin, aldosterone, and vasopressin?

A

ANP and BNP

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18
Q

Average volume of fluid filtered by Bowman’s capsule over time and is fairly constant over a wide range of blood pressure?

A

GFR (globular filtration rate)

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19
Q

What three pressure drive bulk flow in the glomerlus?

A
  1. Globular capillary blood pressure
  2. Plasma colloid osmotic pressure
  3. Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
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20
Q

Hydrostatic pressure created by blood on the inside of capillaries ( pushes fluid out of capillaries)

A

Globular capillary blood pressure

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21
Q

Pressure created by plasma proteins in blood (hold fluid in the capillary which opposes filtration)

A

Plasma colloid osmotic pressure

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22
Q

Hydrostatic pressure created by fluid inside initial portion of the tubule (opposes filtration)

A

Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure

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23
Q

Is the NFP always pushing the filtrate in or out of the blood?

A

OUT

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24
Q

What are the three layers of filtration membrane from outermost to innermost?

A
  1. Capillary endothelium
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Foot processes of podocyte of globular capsule
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25
Q

What are the three processes of urine formation?

A
  1. Globular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
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26
Q

Which step in urine formation?
Non selective filtration of fluids/ solutes from globular capillaries into bowman’s capsule
Filtrate becomes essential plasma

A

Globular filtration

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27
Q

Which step in urine formation?
Very selective transport of substrates from filtrate, most happens in PCT, can be active or passive

A

Tubular reabsorption

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28
Q

What is reabsorbed in PCT?

A

99% of water
100% glucose
99.5% NaCl

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29
Q

Which step in urine formation?
Selective transport of substrates from Peru tubular capillaries to filtrate
Passive or active, gives chance to remove excess or unwanted substrates

A

Tubular secretion

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30
Q

What is secreted in tubular secretion?

A

K+
H+
Hormones
Drugs/ medications

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31
Q

How many nephrons are there per kidney and what percent are there

A

1 million per kidney
80% is cortical nephrons
20% is juxamedullary nephrons

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32
Q

What are juxamedullary nephrons specialized for?

A

Reabsorbing water

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33
Q

What are nephrons

A

Functional unit of the kidney

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34
Q

What is the gross anatomy of the renal system?

A

Kidneys
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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35
Q

What is the gross anatomy of kidney

A

Cortex
Medulla
Renal pelvis
Ureter

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36
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

Regulates plasma
Remove nitrogenous waste
Produce some hormones (erythropoietin and renin)

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37
Q

What are the four primary functions of the respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange
pH regulation
protecting against inhaled pathogens
Vocalization

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38
Q

Difference between sex and gender

A

Sex= anatomy, physiology, genetics, hormones
Gender= identity, roles/ norms, relations

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39
Q

Genetic female

A

XX chromosomes

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40
Q

Genetic male

A

XY chromosomes

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41
Q

What is TDF

A

testes- determining factor

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42
Q

What does TDF trigger cells to secrete? And what effect does each secretion have?

A

Testosterone and DHT- promotes external genetalia development and wolffish duct development
Anti-mullerian hormone- represses development of Müllerian duct (becomes uterus, fallopian tubes, upper vagina)

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43
Q

What are the two general ways for DSD/ intersex individuals to develop?

A
  1. When there are atypical sex chromosome numbers
    XO (Turner syndrome)
    XXY (Kleinfelter syndrome)
  2. Atypical response to hormones that drive gentian development
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44
Q

Which syndrome develop ovaries and associated structures but may have impaired fertility

A

Turner syndrome

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45
Q

Which syndrome develops testes and associated structures it may have poor testicular function

A

Kleinfelter syndrome

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46
Q

Syndrome where receptors for testosterone and DHT are nonfunctional

A

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome

47
Q

Which steroid sex hormones are produced by both testes and ovaries

A

Androgens
Estrogens
Progestins

48
Q

What predominantly produces testosterone and DHT

A

Testes

49
Q

What predominantly produces estradiol and progesterone

A

Ovaries

50
Q

Produce testosterone and sperm; matures sperm (inside epididymis)

A

Testes

51
Q

Temperature regulation (3 C lower than normal body temp)

A

Scrotum

52
Q

Contains three rods of spongy erectile tissue; pathway for urine and sperm

A

Penis

53
Q

Matures sperm

A

Epididymis

54
Q

Carries sperm to urethra

A

Vas deferens

55
Q

Make semen

A

Prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands

56
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Production of sperm

57
Q

Does mitosis or meiosis make sperm?

A

Meiosis

58
Q
  1. Stimulus
  2. CNS stimulates
  3. CNS inhibits sympathetic signals, preventing vasoconstriction to maintain erection
A

Erection reflex steps

59
Q

Contraction of prostate and seminal vesicles to release fluids
Sphincter constricts to block bladder
Movement of sperm out of vas deferens into urethra

A

Erection emission steps

60
Q

Semen expelled from urethra by series of smooth muscle contractions

A

Erection ejaculation steps

61
Q

What relaxes the vascular smooth muscle which increases blood flow to the corpus cavernosum

A

Viagra

62
Q

Produce eggs (ova)

A

Ovaries

63
Q

Site of implantation, embryonic and fetal development

A

Uterus

64
Q

Site of fertilization, gives ovum to uterus

A

Fallopian tube

65
Q

Muscular tube from uterus to outside, birth canal

A

Vagina

66
Q

Sexual arousal, contains spongy erectile tissue

A

Clitoris

67
Q

How long is the menstrual cycle?

A

28 days long

68
Q

Cyclic sloughing of the endometrial lining of the uterus

A

Menstruation

69
Q

Cyclic production of eggs and preparation of uterus for pregnancy

A

Menstrual cycle

70
Q

What are the two ways the menstrual cycle can be described?

A

Ovarian cycle and uterine cycle

71
Q

Uterine cycle in order and how long each stage lasts

A
  1. Menses (Days 1-5)
  2. Proliferative phase (Days 6-14)
  3. Secretory phase (Days 15-28)
72
Q

What happens during menses phase?

A

Estrogen levels gradually rise, menstrual bleeding happens

73
Q

What happens during the proliferative phase?

A

Estrogen levels still rising
Endometrium regenerates and grows in thickness (preparing for pregnancy)
Ovulation occurs on day 14

74
Q

What happens during secretory phase?

A

Levels of progesterone rise for 10 days which stimulates endometrium to keep growing
Ready for implantation due to secretion of nutrients

75
Q

When does ovulation occur

A

Day 14, proliferative phase

76
Q

Which parts of cycle are part of the follicular phase?

A

Menses and proliferative (and ovulation)

77
Q

Which part of the uterine cycle is part of the luteal phase?

A

Secretory phase

78
Q

What hormone dominates the follicular phase

A

Estrogen

79
Q

What hormone triggers ovulation

A

LH

80
Q

What hormone dominates the luteal phase?

A

Progesterone

81
Q

What are the three mechanisms of the respiratory system

A

Ventilation (air in/ out of lungs)
External respiration (gas exchange between air and and blood)
Internal respiration (gas exchange between blood and tissues)

82
Q

What is basic anatomy of respiratory system

A

Thoracic muscles
Airways
Alveoli

83
Q

Air sacs covered in capillaries

A

Alveoli

84
Q

Thin cells specialized for gas exchange

A

Type 1 alveoli cells

85
Q

Secrete surfactant

A

Type 2 alveoli cells

86
Q

Reduce surface tension in air sacs of lungs and allow normal expansion

A

Function of surfactant

87
Q

T or F
Air flows from high to low pressure

A

True

88
Q

When container volume is reduced, pressure will _____

A

Increase

89
Q

When container volume is increased, pressure will ____

A

Decrease

90
Q

Volume and pressure are inversely related

A

Boyle’s Law

91
Q

Air around us

A

Atmospheric pressure

92
Q

Air pressure inside alveoli (lungs)

A

Intra-alveolar pressure

93
Q

Air pressure inside pleural sac (affected by diaphragm/ thoracic wall)

A

Intra- pleural pressure

94
Q

Pressure each gas exerts in a mixture

A

Partial pressure

95
Q

Total pressure exterted by a mixture of gases is the sum of pressures exerted by individual gases

A

Dalton’s law

96
Q

Where does O2 go during diffusion

A

Capillaries

97
Q

Where does CO2 go during diffusion

A

Alveoli

98
Q

Where does O2 go during diffusion tissues wise?

A

Tissues

99
Q

Where does CO2 go during diffusion tissues wise?

A

Capillaries

100
Q

What happens to deoxygenated blood after diffusion

A

Travels back to pulmonary capillaries

101
Q

Bound to heme portion of hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin (98%)
Dissolved in plasma (2%)

A

Oxygen transported through bloodstream

102
Q

Converted to bicarbonate ions by carbonic anhydride (60-70%)
Bound to globin portion of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin (20-30%)
Dissolved in plasma (10%)

A

Carbon dioxide transported in blood stream

103
Q

What is the acid base balance buffer system equation?

A

CO2+ H2O <-> H2CO3<-> HCO3- + H+

104
Q

Formation of more bicarbonate ions in blood ______ pH

A

Decreased

105
Q

Formation of more carbon dioxide in blood _____ pH

A

Increases

106
Q

What is the primary metabolic driver of breathing

A

Plasma CO2 level

107
Q

What is secondary metabolic driver of breathing?

A

Plasma pH

108
Q

Increased CO2 and H+ ions do what to breathing

A

Increase rate and depth of breathing

109
Q

The act of breathing quick and deep

A

Hyperventilation

110
Q

The act of breathing slow and shallow

A

Hypoventilation

111
Q

Hemoglobin affinity ____ if Po2 is higher in the blood than in the tissues

A

Decrease

112
Q

Hemoglobin affinity ____ as pH ____ (Bohr effect)

A

Decrease
Decrease

113
Q

Hemoglobin affinity ____ as amount of CO2 ____

A

Decrease
Increases

114
Q

Hemoglobin affinity ____ as temperature _____ from 37 C

A

Decrease
Increases

Human Physiology (4 decks)

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