Final Exam Review Flashcards
Glucose/ amino acids reabsorbed
Reabsorption of water, NaCl, HCO3
some secretion of H+, drugs/ poisons
What’s happening in PCT
Reabsorbs but doesn’t secrete
Permeable to water, NOT IONS
Function= concentrates filtrate
Descending loop of Henle
Reabsorbs but doesn’t secrete
Permeable to ions, NOT WATER
NaCl reabsorbed
Function= dilutes filtrate
Ascending loop of Henle
Fine regulation of ions NaCl & HCO3 reabsorbed, K+ secretion/ Na+ reabsorbed
pH- H+ secretion
DCT
Bladder stretches receptors
Spinal cord
Parasympathetic neurons stimulate bladder wall muscle
Relaxation of urethral sphincter
Micturition reflex
Is this normal in urine?
Glucose
Bilirubin
Proteins
Ketones
Hemoglobin
Red blood cells
White blood cells
No, it’s abnormal urine
Is this normal in urine?
Ammonia odor
pH 4.5-8
Urea
Na+ K+
Phosphates
Ca2+
Mg2+
HCO3-
Yes, normal urine
What is most abundant solute in urine?
Urea
What is RAAS function?
Maintain/ increase MAP
What is RAAS a pathway for and what does it stand for?
Aldosterone
Renin-antigotensin-aldosterone system
Which system increases Na+, water reabsorption, plasma, and MAP
RAAS
Low blood pressure stimulates kidney to produce renin
Step 1 of RAAS
Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
Step 2 of RAAS
Angiotensin 1 is converted to angiotensin 2 by angiotensin enzyme ACE
Step 3 of RAAS
Angiotensin 2 stimulates
1. Adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone
2. Increase vasopressin
3. Trigger thirst intake
4. Constrict blood vessels to increase MAP
Step 4 of RAAS
What does ANP and BNP stand for?
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Brain natriuretic peptide
What inhibits Na+ reabsorption from nephrons and inhibits the secretion of renin, aldosterone, and vasopressin?
ANP and BNP
Average volume of fluid filtered by Bowman’s capsule over time and is fairly constant over a wide range of blood pressure?
GFR (globular filtration rate)
What three pressure drive bulk flow in the glomerlus?
- Globular capillary blood pressure
- Plasma colloid osmotic pressure
- Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure created by blood on the inside of capillaries ( pushes fluid out of capillaries)
Globular capillary blood pressure
Pressure created by plasma proteins in blood (hold fluid in the capillary which opposes filtration)
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure created by fluid inside initial portion of the tubule (opposes filtration)
Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
Is the NFP always pushing the filtrate in or out of the blood?
OUT
What are the three layers of filtration membrane from outermost to innermost?
- Capillary endothelium
- Basement membrane
- Foot processes of podocyte of globular capsule
What are the three processes of urine formation?
- Globular filtration
- Tubular reabsorption
- Tubular secretion
Which step in urine formation?
Non selective filtration of fluids/ solutes from globular capillaries into bowman’s capsule
Filtrate becomes essential plasma
Globular filtration
Which step in urine formation?
Very selective transport of substrates from filtrate, most happens in PCT, can be active or passive
Tubular reabsorption
What is reabsorbed in PCT?
99% of water
100% glucose
99.5% NaCl
Which step in urine formation?
Selective transport of substrates from Peru tubular capillaries to filtrate
Passive or active, gives chance to remove excess or unwanted substrates
Tubular secretion
What is secreted in tubular secretion?
K+
H+
Hormones
Drugs/ medications
How many nephrons are there per kidney and what percent are there
1 million per kidney
80% is cortical nephrons
20% is juxamedullary nephrons
What are juxamedullary nephrons specialized for?
Reabsorbing water
What are nephrons
Functional unit of the kidney
What is the gross anatomy of the renal system?
Kidneys
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
What is the gross anatomy of kidney
Cortex
Medulla
Renal pelvis
Ureter
What is the function of the kidneys?
Regulates plasma
Remove nitrogenous waste
Produce some hormones (erythropoietin and renin)
What are the four primary functions of the respiratory system?
Gas exchange
pH regulation
protecting against inhaled pathogens
Vocalization
Difference between sex and gender
Sex= anatomy, physiology, genetics, hormones
Gender= identity, roles/ norms, relations
Genetic female
XX chromosomes
Genetic male
XY chromosomes
What is TDF
testes- determining factor
What does TDF trigger cells to secrete? And what effect does each secretion have?
Testosterone and DHT- promotes external genetalia development and wolffish duct development
Anti-mullerian hormone- represses development of Müllerian duct (becomes uterus, fallopian tubes, upper vagina)
What are the two general ways for DSD/ intersex individuals to develop?
- When there are atypical sex chromosome numbers
XO (Turner syndrome)
XXY (Kleinfelter syndrome) - Atypical response to hormones that drive gentian development
Which syndrome develop ovaries and associated structures but may have impaired fertility
Turner syndrome
Which syndrome develops testes and associated structures it may have poor testicular function
Kleinfelter syndrome
Syndrome where receptors for testosterone and DHT are nonfunctional
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome
Which steroid sex hormones are produced by both testes and ovaries
Androgens
Estrogens
Progestins
What predominantly produces testosterone and DHT
Testes
What predominantly produces estradiol and progesterone
Ovaries
Produce testosterone and sperm; matures sperm (inside epididymis)
Testes
Temperature regulation (3 C lower than normal body temp)
Scrotum
Contains three rods of spongy erectile tissue; pathway for urine and sperm
Penis
Matures sperm
Epididymis
Carries sperm to urethra
Vas deferens
Make semen
Prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands
Spermatogenesis
Production of sperm
Does mitosis or meiosis make sperm?
Meiosis
- Stimulus
- CNS stimulates
- CNS inhibits sympathetic signals, preventing vasoconstriction to maintain erection
Erection reflex steps
Contraction of prostate and seminal vesicles to release fluids
Sphincter constricts to block bladder
Movement of sperm out of vas deferens into urethra
Erection emission steps
Semen expelled from urethra by series of smooth muscle contractions
Erection ejaculation steps
What relaxes the vascular smooth muscle which increases blood flow to the corpus cavernosum
Viagra
Produce eggs (ova)
Ovaries
Site of implantation, embryonic and fetal development
Uterus
Site of fertilization, gives ovum to uterus
Fallopian tube
Muscular tube from uterus to outside, birth canal
Vagina
Sexual arousal, contains spongy erectile tissue
Clitoris
How long is the menstrual cycle?
28 days long
Cyclic sloughing of the endometrial lining of the uterus
Menstruation
Cyclic production of eggs and preparation of uterus for pregnancy
Menstrual cycle
What are the two ways the menstrual cycle can be described?
Ovarian cycle and uterine cycle
Uterine cycle in order and how long each stage lasts
- Menses (Days 1-5)
- Proliferative phase (Days 6-14)
- Secretory phase (Days 15-28)
What happens during menses phase?
Estrogen levels gradually rise, menstrual bleeding happens
What happens during the proliferative phase?
Estrogen levels still rising
Endometrium regenerates and grows in thickness (preparing for pregnancy)
Ovulation occurs on day 14
What happens during secretory phase?
Levels of progesterone rise for 10 days which stimulates endometrium to keep growing
Ready for implantation due to secretion of nutrients
When does ovulation occur
Day 14, proliferative phase
Which parts of cycle are part of the follicular phase?
Menses and proliferative (and ovulation)
Which part of the uterine cycle is part of the luteal phase?
Secretory phase
What hormone dominates the follicular phase
Estrogen
What hormone triggers ovulation
LH
What hormone dominates the luteal phase?
Progesterone
What are the three mechanisms of the respiratory system
Ventilation (air in/ out of lungs)
External respiration (gas exchange between air and and blood)
Internal respiration (gas exchange between blood and tissues)
What is basic anatomy of respiratory system
Thoracic muscles
Airways
Alveoli
Air sacs covered in capillaries
Alveoli
Thin cells specialized for gas exchange
Type 1 alveoli cells
Secrete surfactant
Type 2 alveoli cells
Reduce surface tension in air sacs of lungs and allow normal expansion
Function of surfactant
T or F
Air flows from high to low pressure
True
When container volume is reduced, pressure will _____
Increase
When container volume is increased, pressure will ____
Decrease
Volume and pressure are inversely related
Boyle’s Law
Air around us
Atmospheric pressure
Air pressure inside alveoli (lungs)
Intra-alveolar pressure
Air pressure inside pleural sac (affected by diaphragm/ thoracic wall)
Intra- pleural pressure
Pressure each gas exerts in a mixture
Partial pressure
Total pressure exterted by a mixture of gases is the sum of pressures exerted by individual gases
Dalton’s law
Where does O2 go during diffusion
Capillaries
Where does CO2 go during diffusion
Alveoli
Where does O2 go during diffusion tissues wise?
Tissues
Where does CO2 go during diffusion tissues wise?
Capillaries
What happens to deoxygenated blood after diffusion
Travels back to pulmonary capillaries
Bound to heme portion of hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin (98%)
Dissolved in plasma (2%)
Oxygen transported through bloodstream
Converted to bicarbonate ions by carbonic anhydride (60-70%)
Bound to globin portion of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin (20-30%)
Dissolved in plasma (10%)
Carbon dioxide transported in blood stream
What is the acid base balance buffer system equation?
CO2+ H2O <-> H2CO3<-> HCO3- + H+
Formation of more bicarbonate ions in blood ______ pH
Decreased
Formation of more carbon dioxide in blood _____ pH
Increases
What is the primary metabolic driver of breathing
Plasma CO2 level
What is secondary metabolic driver of breathing?
Plasma pH
Increased CO2 and H+ ions do what to breathing
Increase rate and depth of breathing
The act of breathing quick and deep
Hyperventilation
The act of breathing slow and shallow
Hypoventilation
Hemoglobin affinity ____ if Po2 is higher in the blood than in the tissues
Decrease
Hemoglobin affinity ____ as pH ____ (Bohr effect)
Decrease
Decrease
Hemoglobin affinity ____ as amount of CO2 ____
Decrease
Increases
Hemoglobin affinity ____ as temperature _____ from 37 C
Decrease
Increases
