Exam 4 Flashcards
_______ caused by:
Increase 02
Decrease CO2
Decreased H+
Increased sympathetic activity
Increased angiostatin 2
Increased endothelium
Cold
Stretch
Vasoconstriction
__________ caused by:
Decreased O2
Increased CO2
Increased H+
Increased nitric oxide
Decreased sympathetic activity
Histamine
Heart
Vasodialation
Pulse pressure equation
SBP- DBP= PP
Mean arterial pressure equation
DBP+ 1/3(PP)= MAP
Cardiac output equation
HR x SV= CO
Cardiac output when exercising
Increase/ decrease/ no change
Increase
Stroke volume when exercising
Increase/ decrease/ no change
Increase
Amount of blood in veins when exercising
Increase/ decrease/ no change
Decrease
Total peripheral distance when exercising
Increase/ decrease/ no change
Decrease
Mean artierial pressure when exercising
Increase/ decrease/ no change
Increase
Venous return when exercising
Increase/ decrease/ no change
Increase
Increased after load affect ejection fraction
Increase/ decrease/ no change
Decrease
Sympathetic stimulation to the ventricles affect ejection fraction
Increase/ decrease/ no change
Increase
How will administration of AcH to ventricle wall effect cardiac output?
Increase/ decrease/ no change
No change
How will administration of norepinephrine to venteicle wall effect cardiac output?
Increase/ decrease/ no change
Increase
How will vasoldialation of arteries effect cardiac output?
Increase/ decrease/ no change
Increase
How will increase in total peripheral resistance effect cardiac output?
Increase/ decrease/ no change
Decrease
How will increase in blood volume effect cardiac output?
Increase/ decrease/ no change
Increase
How will decrease in end diastolic volume effect cardiac output?
Increase/ decrease/ no change
Decrease
Functions of cardiovascular system
Transport hormones
Transport cellular waste
Transport immune cells
Thermoregulation
Receives blood from veins
Atria
Pushes blood into arteries/ pulmonary and aortic valves
Ventricles
Pulmonary circuit
Ride side of heart
Systemic circuit
Left side of heart
Heart muscle
Myocardium
Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart
Desmosomes
Connect feels chemically and electrically
Gap junctions
Pacemaker
SA node
Volume of blood pumped out of heart per beat
Stroke volume
Amount of blood returned to heart from the body
Venous return
The greater stretch the stronger the hearts contraction
Frank Starling Law
Increase venous return/ pressure
Venoconstriction
Decrease venous return/ pressure
Venodialation
Vasoldialation on TPR
Decrease
Vasoconstriction on TPR
Increase
Phases of cardiac cycle
Ventricular filling
Isovolumetric contraction
Ventricular ejection
Isovolumetric relaxation
How do gases and liquids move
From high pressure to low pressurw
Vessels that carry blood away from heart
Arteries
Artery structure
Multi unit smooth muscle
Controls BP and vascular resistance
Artery function
Site of exchange, branch off Arterioles and collect into venules
Capillaries
Vessels that carry blood toward heart
Veins
Form from venules
Veins
Types of capillaries
Continuous
Fenestrated
Discontinuous
Movement of fluid into and out of capillaries
Bulk flow
Capillary blood pressure
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
Interstitial fluid colloid pressuee
Plasma colloid pressure
Pressure that drives bulk flow
Fluid out of vessel
Filtration
Fluid into vessel
Reabsorption
Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
Filtration
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
Reabsorption
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure
Reabsorption
Where do leaked fluid go?
Lymphatic vessels -> lymph nodes-> into veins to become plasma
What is blood
Plasma and formed element s
Percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells
Hemtocrit
Blood percentage
55% plasma
45% hematocrit
Plasma proteins
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrogen
55-60% of all plasma proteins
Albumins
Transports hormones, vitamins, enzymes
Albumins function
35-39% of plasma proteins
Globulins
Transport, clotting, inactive protiens, antibodies
Globulin function
7% of proteins
Fibrinogen
Clotting
Fibrinogen function
Irregularly shaped cell fragments involved in stopping bleeding
Thrombocytes
Leaukocytes
White blood cells, mobile immune system
MHC markers on cell membrane of all cells
Self antigens
For Hein compounds that trigger an immune response
Non self antigens
3 granulocytes (WBC)
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Most common WBC, acute infections
Neutrophils
Ingest and kill pathogens
Neutrophil function
Fight parasites and allergic reactions
Eosinophils
Rarest WBC, involved in inflammation and innate immunity, have her spin and histamine
Basophil
2 agranulocytes (WBC)
Monocytes and lymphocytes
Largest WBC circulate in blood, enters infected tissue and difference rates into macrophages
Monocytes
In lymph nodes, two immune responses: T and B cells
Lymphocytes
Cellular mediated immunity, fight virus infected cells and tumor cells
T cells
Antibody mediated immunity, produce antibodies for fighting bacterial infections
B cells
Release histamine and initiate inflammation
Mast cells
Process foreign antigens and present to lymphocytes
Dendritic cells
Produces antibodies
Plasma cells
Attack and destroy virus infected cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Most numerous T cell, stimulate antibody formation, attract and retain neutrophils and monocytes to infected areas
Helper T cells
Suppress excessive immune responses, secrete inhibitory cytokines to suppress T and B cells, help prevent autoimmune diseases and allergies
Regulatory T cells
