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RUSVM Physiology I > final exam respiration parts 1-6 > Flashcards

final exam respiration parts 1-6 Flashcards

1
Q

the stxrs of the respiratory system are subdivided into what 2 groups?

A
  1. conducting zone - brings air into and out of the lungs 2. respiratory - lined with alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
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2
Q

T/F the trachea and the larger bronchi are ridid non-muscular tubes enriched with cartilaginous rings that prevent that prevent compression of the tube.

A

True smaller bronchi have no cartilage their walls contain smooth m.

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3
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation on the conducting zone each have what effect on the what portion of the zone?

A

symp = dilation of smooth m in the smaller bronchi (beta 2 receptor stim) parasym = constriction of the smooth m in the smaller bronchi (M3 stim)

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4
Q

changes in the diameter of the conducting zone induces a change in the _______ which results in a change in the _____.

A

resistance ; airflow

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5
Q

respiratory bronchioles have a ______ ability for gas exchange even though they have alveoli.

A

limited

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6
Q

gas exchange over the alveolar wall is rapid and efficient because?

A

alveoli are thin walled with a large surface area

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7
Q

alveolar wall contain type II alveolar cells. what do they secrete?

A

pulmonary surfactant

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8
Q

what are 2 functions of pulmonary surfactant?

A
  1. reduction in surface tension
  2. facilitates elastisty
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9
Q

alveoli consist of a 1 layer thick flattened _________ cells.

A

type I alveolar cells

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10
Q

what hormones influence type II alveolar cells?

A

thyroid hormone - increases their number in the wall of the alveoli

cortisol enhances their maturation (newborn)

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11
Q

what is a dust cell?

A

an alveolar macrophage

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12
Q

pleural membranes secrete a small amount of __________ ______ which lubricates the pleural surfaces reducing friction.

A

intra-pleural fluid

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13
Q

what are the 2 types of inflammation of the pleural sac?

A

dry- fluid remains unchanged by the dz; membranes may rub during breathing and cause pain wet- fluid is abnormally increased & usually will not cause pain yet the fluid presents may compress the lungs and interfere with breathing.

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14
Q

the atmosphere exerts a pressure know as?

A

Barometric pressure

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15
Q

the pressure exerted by a gas is ____ proportional to the % of that gas in the mixture.

A

directly

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16
Q

water vapor _____ all the other gases in inspired air.

A

dilutes

water vapor is 47mmHg at normal body temp

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17
Q

relative pressures can be used to express pulmonary pressure during breathing when the barometric pressure is set to ____.

A

0 pos or neg values represent whether pulmonary pressure is above or below atmospheric pressure

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18
Q

intra-pulmonary pressure is also know as?

A

intra-alveolar pressure

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19
Q

the pressure in the lungs is = to barometric pressure at the _____ of inspiration and expiration.

A

end this is A Rest Period

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20
Q

intra-pleural pressure is also know as?

A

intra-thoracic pressure

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21
Q

when can intra-pleural pressure change?

A

it should avg -4mmHg trauma or spontaneous pneumothorax can change it

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22
Q

what is the pressure that maintains the inflation of the lungs?

A

transpulmonary pressure - the gradient between intra-plural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure

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23
Q

what are the 3 major pressure associated with breathing?

A
  1. barometric 2. intra-alveolar pressure 3. intra-pleural pressure
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24
Q

what is atelectasis?

A

the lung collapses do to the loss of the transmural pressure gradient.

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25
Q

what are the 3 factors that maintain the transmural pressure gradient?

A
  1. intra-pleural fluid
  2. intra-pleural pressure
  3. the inability for the intra-pleural cavity to communicate with the atmosphere
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26
Q

during inspiration intra-pulmonary pressure becomes more ______ relative to atmospheric pressure

A

negative - causing air to move into the lungs

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27
Q

inspiration is active/passive while expiration is active/passive?

A

inspiration is active exhalation is passive

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28
Q

in order for inspiration to occur the lung must maintain _______ to stretch.

A

compliance

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29
Q

in order for expiration to occur the lugs must maintain ______ to release the stretching force.

A

elasticity

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30
Q

____ ______ forces aid the lungs in compliance and elastic with in the alveoli.

A

surface tension forces

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31
Q

what can be a condition that will decrease compliance?

A

pulmonary fibrosis (infiltration of the lung with CT) - will also loose elasticity

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32
Q

T/F if intra-pleural pressure is maintained the lungs are always in a state of elastic tension?

A

True

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33
Q

what is title volume?

A

the amount of air moved into and out of the lungs during a single respiratory cycle

34
Q

during inspiration the intra-pleural pressure will increase/decrease?

A

decrease (become more negative)

35
Q

if surface tension acts to make the alveoli as small as possible what acts to appose this force and keep the lungs inflated/prevent the collapse of the alveoli.

A

surfactant

36
Q

what creates the surface tension with in the alveoli?

A

attractive forces of water molecules

37
Q

what is the purpose of the water in the alveoli?

A

allows diffusion of the molecules across the membrane into the alveoli

38
Q

what is the 2 fold effect of surface tension?

A
  1. opposes the expiation of the alveolus by the attraction of h2o molecules 2. liquid surface area tends to become as small as possible because of the attraction of the h2o molecules
39
Q

surfactant works to counteract ____ _____ of the liquid lining the alveoli by interspersing between the water molecules.

A

surface tension

40
Q

what are 2 important benefits to having surfactant in alveoli?

A
  1. increase pulmonary compliance - decrease surface tension making it easier to expand the alveoli 2. reduce recoil thus alveoli don’t collapse as readily
41
Q

difficulty in breathing due to low lung compliance from inadequate surfactant production will stimulate the release of what hormone?

A

cortisol

42
Q

what is the difference between restrictive and obstructive lung dz? and give some examples biotch!

A

restrictive - stiffness, loss of expansion thus all volumes and capacities are less than normal ie. pulmonary fibrosis obstructive - respiration is more difficult dot to “blockage” of the airway ie. asthma = airway is narrowed; chronic bronchitis = plugs of mucus and inflammatory swelling of the bronchial mucosa obstruct the airways

43
Q

what is anatomical dead space?

A

the air that remains in the conducting pathway after exhalation.

44
Q

T/F the air that reaches the alveoli from inhalation has less O2 & more CO2 than atmospheric air?

A

True do to the residual air from the last breath - dead space

45
Q

what is the difference between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation?

A

minute vent - total rate of air movement alveolar vent - corrects for dead space

46
Q

what is (title volume x RR) =

A

minute ventilation

47
Q

what is (title volume - dead space) x RR =

A

alveolar ventilation

48
Q

in terms of alviolar ventilation the ______ can be more effective than the rate of breath.

A

depth

49
Q

gas exchange between the alveolar air and the pulmonary blood occurs through the membranes of? they can be referred to as the pulmonary or respiratory membranes

A

all terminal portions of the lung not just alveoli themselves

50
Q

what are the factors that effect the diffusion across the respiratory membranes?

A
  1. thickness 2. surface area 3. diffusion coefficient 4. partial pressure gradient
51
Q

what can affect the thickness of the respiratory membrane that is usually constant

A
  1. pulmonary edema 2. pulmonary fibrosis 3. pneumonia
52
Q

how can a change in the thickness of the membrane effect the diffusion across the respiratory membrane?

A

as thickness increases diffusion decreases

53
Q

how can a change in surface area effect the diffusion across the respiratory membrane?

A

as surface area increases so will diffusion (surface area is constant under resting conditions)

54
Q

how can a change in the diffusion coefficient effect the diffusion across the respiratory membrane?

A

as the diffusion coefficient increases so does the rate of transfer. - Diffusion coefficient for CO2 is ~30x greater than that of O2. Thus the difference in O2 gradient makes up for the PCO2 concentration being higher. transfer usually works out to be 1:1 - PCO2 here is mostly from dead space

55
Q

how can a change in partial pressure gradient of O2 & CO2 effect the diffusion across the respiratory membrane?

A

as rate of transfer increases so does the partial pressure gradient = increase in the diffusion coefficient

56
Q

what is the effect on the respiratory membrane with the presents of emphysema?

A

decrease in surface area do to the dust cells destroying alveolar tissue using trypsin enzymes trying to clean up the mess of pollutants

57
Q

what % od O2 is dissolved in blood and what does it produce?

A

~2% produces a partial pressure that drives its diffusion into the blood

58
Q

T/F the O2 bound to Hb will NOT contribute to the partial pressure gradient.

A

True only the dissolved portion will.

59
Q

how does Hb directly contribute to the diffusion of O2 in the pulmonary capillary?

A

it acts to store O2 - as O2 enters the blood it is picked up by Hb thus maintaining a greater PO2 in the lung than in the blood so O2 will continue to diffuse in until the Hb is saturated. then the alveoli and the capillary will equalibrilize their PO2’s

60
Q

what factor directly contributes to the steepness of the saturation curve of O2 & Hb?

A

their binding is cooperative - as each O2 binds it makes it easier for the next to bind.

61
Q

T/F at a PO2 of 60 - 100 mmHg the curve starts to flatten because all binding sites on Hb are becoming occupied.

A

True Occurs in the lungs

62
Q

a change in the P50 is used as an indicator for the change in affinity of Hb for ______.

A

O2 at P50 half of all Hb is saturated = 2 of the 4 positions available are bound. @ P50 the PO2 is ~25-35mmHg

63
Q

as metabolic activity increases the P50 will Increase/decrease shifting the curve R/L?

A

increase shift Right - an increase in CO2 –> increase H+ –> decrease in O2 affinity = R shift of curve = Bohr effect

64
Q

increasing P50 leads to an _______ in CO2 which _______ H+ and _______ O2 delivery to the tissues by _________ its affinity by Hb

A

increase increase increase decreasing (Bohr effect)

65
Q

as body temp rises (increase metabolic activity) the affinity of Hb for O2 __________? thus, the P50 will ________.

A

decreases increase

66
Q

what is 2,3-DPG and what effect does it have on the Hb O2 saturation curve and P50?

A
  • a by product of glycolysis from rbc’s - reversely binds to Hb reducing O2 capacity = R shift of curve thus P50 increases.
67
Q

hypoxic conditions ie anemia will increase 2,3-BPG production. to facilitate the delivery of O2 to tissues. what effect will this have on the P50.

A

increase the P50 delivering more O2 to the tissues

68
Q

what is the effect on the Hb saturation curve by CO and what happens to the P50?

A

left shift P50 decrease

69
Q

the affinity CO for Hb is 250x > that of O2. thus the presence of CO will _____ the binding capacity for Hb.

A

decrease

70
Q

if the presence of CO reduces Hb’s O2 carring capacity by 50% what is the effect on the tissue delivery of O2?

A

decreased by 50% at best

71
Q

CO will cause an increase in affinity for O2 on the free binding sites of Hb. what effect will this have at the tissue level for delivery?

A

O2 will be bound more tightly decreasing O2 delivery.

72
Q

CO2 is carried in the blood in what 3 forms?

A
  1. dissolved ~10% 2. carbaminoheboglobin ~23% 3. bicarbonate~70%
73
Q

will CO2 drive diffusion at the tissues or the lungs?

A

trick ? suckaaaarr! its both

74
Q

what is the main driving force of respiration?

A

CO2

75
Q

If CO2 binds to the globulin portion of Hb and reduced Hb has a greater affinity for CO2 than HbO2. thus the unloading of O2 from Hb in the tissue capillary ______ the picking up of CO2.

A

facilitates

76
Q

where is Bicarb made in the body?

A

in rbc’s from CO2 + H2O

77
Q

when HCO3- is released from rbc’s and a Cl- is taken in (chloride shift) to facilitate the diffusion of CO2 from tissue. what happens to the proton remaining? what will be its effect on the Hb saturation curve?

A

its bound to Hb forming deoxyhemoglobin right shift of the curve - as pH falls affinity for O2 by Hb decreases - increase CO2 = Increase HCO3- + H+ - the chloride will balance the charge of the rbc

78
Q

T/F Hb can bind H+ and O2 at the same time because H+ binds to the globulin portion of Hb. (bohr effect)

A

False can only bind one at a time and as pH drops Hb lowers affinity for O2. thus H+ will bind “better” = deoxyHb is a better buffer for H+

79
Q

T/F an increase in the release of O2 from Hb will increase the CO2 and thus H+ uptake by Hb.

A

True this is the Haldane effect

80
Q

At the lungs dissolved CO2 will diffuse into the lung. here, Hb will bind the O2 allowing the uptake of HCO3- and the reformation of _____ via carbolic anhydrase to be exhausted from the blood to the lung?

A

CO2

81
Q

T/F oxyHb has a higher affinity for H+ than deoxyHb.

A

False - Lower the release of the O2 facilitate the attraction for the Proton - thus deoxyHb has a higher affinity for H+

82
Q

in the presence of the lung there is a lowere PCO2 this will activate __________ to catalyze the convertion of carbonic acid to CO2 + H2O

A

carbonic anhydrase

RUSVM Physiology I (6 decks)

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