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Anatomy & Phys 1 > Final Exam Pt2 > Flashcards

Final Exam Pt2 Flashcards

1
Q

parathyroid hormone release is triggered by ___ levels of calcium in the blood

A

low

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2
Q

the most numerous type of receptor in the body is the…

A

tactile receptor

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3
Q

there are 3 types of unencapsulated tactile receptors. what is the exception?

A

sebaceous filaments

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4
Q

which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?

A

fibrocartilage

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5
Q

which is an alternate term for compact bone?

A

cortical bone

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6
Q

which are functions of hair?
a: sensory reception
b: heat retention
c: immune function
d: protection
e: formation of vitamin D3

A

a = sensory reception
b = heat retention
d = protection

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7
Q

nails are hard derivatives formed from the stratum ___ of the epidermis

A

corneum

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8
Q

the epithelial tissue root sheath is the _____ layer of the concentric layers making up the hair follicle wall; it derives from the ____

A

inner; epidermis

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9
Q

fine hair called ____, which is unpigmented or lightly pigmented, is the primary human hair and is found on the upper and lower limbs

A

vellus

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10
Q

epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells function as part of the ____ response

A

immune

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11
Q

the function of melanin in the skin is to ____

A

protect against UV light

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12
Q

another name for the skin is the ____ membrane

A

cutaneous

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13
Q

thick skin contains…

A

4 epidermal strata and lacks sebaceous glands

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14
Q

why might someone pale when they are exposed to a cold temperature?

A

vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels

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15
Q

the hypodermis is rich in adipose, and thus its functions include…

A

organ protection, energy storage, and thermal insulation

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16
Q

chronically high levels of ___ inhibits bone growth

A

serotonin

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17
Q

which is false regarding bone remodeling?

A

it occurs only at articular surfaces

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18
Q

what would be the effect on bone growth of insufficient dietary calcium?

A

the matrix would be softer

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19
Q

osteoid is the…

A

organic part of the bone matrix that gives it tensile strength

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20
Q

hyaline cartilage contains a ____ percentage of water, cartilage cells reside in small spaces called ____

A

high, lacunae

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21
Q

in compact bone, ___ connect adjacent lacunae, thereby providing pathways for nutrients and other materials to pass between osteocytes

A

canaliculi

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22
Q

spongy bone…

A

forms diploe in the cranial bones

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23
Q

a false statement regarding the periosteum?

A

it is composed of dense regular connective tissue

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24
Q

which structure has the active sites to which the heads of the thick filaments will bind?

A

actin

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25
Q

a skeletal muscle cell contains hundreds to thousands of ____, which are complex organelles. they are cylindrical in shape, 1-2 micrometers in diameter, and as long as the cell

A

myofibrils

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26
Q

each thick filament contains about ____ protein molecules (each molecule has 2 heads and 2 braided tails)

A

200

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27
Q

invaginations of the muscle cell membrane that extend deep into the cell are known as the…

A

T-tubules

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28
Q

a flat, thin structure made of dense connective tissue that serves to attach a muscle to a bone (or to another muscle) is a(n)…

A

aponeurosis

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29
Q

the structure responsible for attaching muscle to bone is a…

A

tendon

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30
Q

which protein makes up the thick filaments?

A

myosin

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31
Q

which are the reservoirs that store the calcium required for muscle contraction?

A

terminal cisternae

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32
Q

the multiple nuclei in skeletal muscle cells are the result of the…

A

fusion of myoblasts

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33
Q

what letter is associated with the dark bands in a sarcomere?

A

A

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34
Q

a drug that inhibited acetylcholinesterase would result in…

A

enhanced stimulation of the muscle due to decreased ACh breakdown

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35
Q

a power stroke involves…

A

a myosin head pulling a thin filament toward the center of a sarcomere

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36
Q

what is the neurotransmitter that causes the release of calcium ions from reservoirs within the muscle cell and thereby initiates the steps of contraction?

A

acetylcholine

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37
Q

when an impulse arrives at the knob of the motor neuron, calcium…

A

enters through voltage-gated channels and triggers the release of transmitter

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38
Q

acetylcholine exerts its effect by…

A

binding to receptors at the motor end plate

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39
Q

true or false: the floor of the pelvic cavity includes skeletal muscles that function to support organs in that cavity

A

true

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40
Q

the spring-like property that returns muscle to its original length after a contraction ends is…

A

elasticity

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41
Q

oxidative fibers are…

A

red & fatigue resistant

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42
Q

true or false: compared to slow-twitch fibers, fast-twitch fibers respond to a stimulus with less delay and with a shorter contraction duration

A

true

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43
Q

which fibers dominate many of the back and calf muscles that contract almost continually to maintain posture?

A

fast-twitch

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44
Q

true or false: the metabolic reactions within fast-twitch fibers derive much of their energy from aerobic respiration

A

false

45
Q

“intermediate fiber” is another name for…

A

a fast-twitch, oxidative fiber

46
Q

true or false: slow-twitch fibers are specialized to continue contracting for extended periods of time without experiencing fatigue

A

true

47
Q

the net energy yield from one glucose molecule through the process of glycolysis is…

A

2 ATP

48
Q

true or false: when a skeletal muscle fiber is at rest, there is more sodium outside the cell as compared to the sarcoplasm

A

true

49
Q

a motor unit consists of…

A

a single motor neuron and the multiple muscle fibers it controls

50
Q

release of crossbridges and a decline in muscle tension characterize the ____ period of a twitch

A

relaxation

51
Q

true or false: during skeletal muscle contraction, more force is created when more motor units are activated

A

true

52
Q

consider the difference between lifting a light pad of paper vs a heavy textbook. the primary way the level of force of muscle contraction is controlled is by…

A

recruiting a different number of motor units

53
Q

true or false: the contraction phase of a muscle twitch has a shorter duration than the relaxation phase

A

true

54
Q

events of excitation contraction coupling, such as the release of calcium from intracellular stores, occur during the ____ period of a muscle twitch

A

latent

55
Q

the branch of the nervous system that helps govern smooth muscle contraction is the ____ nervous system

A

autonomic

56
Q

which type of smooth muscle is innervated most similar to skeletal muscle, with muscle cells arranged as motor units and each cell stimulated by a single motor neuron?

A

multi-unit smooth muscle

57
Q

when smooth muscle is stretched for a prolonged period of time, it responds by…

A

relaxing

58
Q

the iris of the eye is composed of nonstriated muscle that in involuntarily controlled. therefore, it must contain…

A

multi-unit smooth muscle

59
Q

smooth muscle tissue in which cells are individually sent signals to contract (rather than contracting in unison) is referred to as…

A

multi-unit

60
Q

conductive activity in a neuron generally causes it to secrete…

A

a specific neurotransmitter that either excites or inhibits its target

61
Q

based on function, the vast majority of neurons are…

A

interneurons

62
Q

based on structure, the most common type of neuron is the ____ neuron

A

multipolar

63
Q

the neurons that are responsible for integrating information by retrieving, processing, storing, and “deciding” how the body responds to stimuli are…

A

interneurons

64
Q

what structures extend into the axon and dendrite of a neuron to provide tensile strength?

A

neurofibrils

65
Q

fast axonal transport is…

A

active (requires ATP) and can occur in either the anterograde or retrograde direction

66
Q

which functional class of neurons lies entirely within the central nervous system?

A

interneurons

67
Q

a neuron conducting an impulse from the CNS to the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder would be classified as a(n) ____ neruon

A

autonomic motor

68
Q

in a mixed nerve,

A

some axons transmit sensory information and others transmit motor information

69
Q

the connective tissue wrapping that surrounds bundles (fascicles) of axons is the…

A

perineurium

70
Q

what is the correct order of the connective tissue wrappings of a nerve, beginning with the outermost layer?

A

epineurium -> perineurium -> endoneurium

71
Q

a mixed nerve is one that contains both…

A

sensory and motor neurons

72
Q

the endoneurium is composed of…

A

areolar connective tissue

73
Q

the portion of the nervous system that has voluntary control over skeletal muscles is the ____ division

A

somatic motor

74
Q

the nervous system controls the activity of muscles and glands. muscles and glands can generate changes and are therefore called…

A

effectors

75
Q

true or false: the number of satellite cells in skeletal muscle steadily decreases with age

A

true

76
Q

a term that describes the change in muscle following a lack of exercise is…

A

atrophy

77
Q

increased phosphate ion concentration is believed to contribute to fatigue by interfering with…

A

phosphate release by myosin heads during crossbridge cycling

78
Q

muscle tone is a result of ____ nervous system activity, and it acts to ___ joint position

A

involuntary; stabilize

79
Q

true or false: in an isotonic contraction, the tension produced exceeds the resistance and muscle fibers will shorten

A

true

80
Q

true or false: in general, a muscle’s resting length is its optimal length for force generation

A

true

81
Q

if there were no sodium leak channels, the resting membrane potential of a neuron would be…

A

more negative

82
Q

maintenance of appropriate ion concentrations (especially after nerve impulses that involved ion diffusion) is primarily the job of…

A

sodium-potassium pumps

83
Q

the separation of oppositely charged ionic particles across a resting neuron’s membrane results in a potential that is measured as a…

A

voltage

84
Q

chemically gated ion channels are mainly found in the ____ segment of a neuron

A

receptive

85
Q

true or false: negatively charged protein molecules are more prevalent within a neuron’s cytosol than in the interstitial fluid

A

true

86
Q

true or false: a neuron’s membrane contains more potassium leak channels than sodium leak channels

A

true

87
Q

what do all glial cells have in common?

A

they assist neurons in their respective functions

88
Q

the glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within the CNS is the…

A

oligodendrocyte

89
Q

the glial cell that helps to form the blood-brain barrier is the…

A

astrocyte

90
Q

continuous conduction of a nerve impulse occurs only during…

A

unmyelinated axons

91
Q

what is a true statement regarding the action of an oligodendrocyte?

A

each oligodendrocyte can form a myelin sheath around many axons simultaneously

92
Q

the glossy-white appearance of most axons is due to…

A

the high lipid content of the myelin sheath

93
Q

the glial cell that defends the body against pathogens is the…

A

microglial cell

94
Q

action potentials are generated by the opening of ____ gated channels and they occur on the _____

A

voltage; axon

95
Q

saltatory conduction occurs in…

A

myelinated axons, where action potentials occur only at neurofibril nodes

96
Q

true or false: graded potentials generally occur only on the axon of a neuron

A

false

97
Q

somatic motor neuron axons fall into the category of…

A

A fibers

98
Q

true or false: a sensory neuron detecting an intense stimulus will generate action potentials of greater strength as compared to a sensory neuron detecting a weak stimulus

A

false

99
Q

a depolarization is when the inside of a neuron becomes ____ the resting membrane potential

A

less negative than

100
Q

in a myelinated axon, the greatest concentration of voltage-gated ion channels is in the…

A

neurofibril nodes

101
Q

the hyperpolarization that occurs at the end of an action potential is due to the prolonged…

A

open state of voltage-gated potassium channels

102
Q

when voltage-gated K+ channels open on the conductive segment of a neuron…

A

potassium exits, repolarizing the cell to a negative value

103
Q

which occurs first: absolute or relative refractory period?

A

absolute refractory period

104
Q

in neurophysiology, the term “summation” refers to the addition of…

A

postsynaptic potentials at the initial segment

105
Q

choose the answer that correctly lists, in chronological order, the events involved in synaptic transmission:
a: nerve impulse reaches the synaptic knob
b: neurotransmitter molecules diffuses across the synaptic cleft
c: nerve impulse begins in postsynaptic cell
d: neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in postsynaptic cell
e: voltage change occurs in the postsynaptic cell

A

a, b, d, e, c

106
Q

when a neurotransmitter opens a chemically gated ion channel that allows sodium to enter the postsynaptic cell, the result is an…

A

ESPS

107
Q

most commonly, a synapse is made between a…

A

presynaptic neuron’s axon and a postsynaptic neuron’s dendrite

108
Q

when transmission occurs at a synapse, neurotransmitter is released by…

A

the presynaptic neuron’s synaptic knob into the synaptic cleft

109
Q

of the 2 types of synapses, based on mode of communication, which is less common but allows faster signal transmission?

A

electrical synapse

Anatomy & Phys 1 (3 decks)

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