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Foundations Of Psychology: Final Exam > Final Exam: Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Final Exam: Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Conceptions of mental illness

A
  • we witness a failure of adaptation to the environment or a failure to function
  • individuals are unable to adequately carry out everyday demands of life (e.g. going to school, eating, sleeping well)
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2
Q

Mental Illness vs Mental Health

A
  • Statistical Rarity- only a small % of the population has mental disorders
  • subjective distress- produces emotional pain
  • impairment- interferes with people’s ability to function in everyday life
  • societal disapproval- societal attitudes shapes our views of abnormality (deviations from the norm)- even with education and progress, stigma of mental illness remains
  • biological dysfunction- breakdown/failure of physiological systems
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3
Q

Historical Conceptions of Mental Illness: Moral Treatment (17&1800)

A
  • approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness and respect for the mentally ill
  • no ‘real’ treatments
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4
Q

Historical Conceptions of Mental Illness: 1900s

A
  • advent of talk therapy and effective medications improved the lives of many living with mental disorders
  • in 195-s, a drug was developed called chlorpromazine (Thorazine)-> moderately decreases schizophrenia symptoms
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5
Q

Historical Conceptions of Mental Illness: Deinstitutionalization (1960-70

A
  • government policy that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals
  • Mixed results= some individuals lived almost regular lives, but others stopped their prescribed treatments and spiraled downwards (homeless/jail)
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6
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A
  • culture-bound
  • unique to Western cultures (US and Europe
  • triggered by sociocultural expectations of the ideal body
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7
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

-more culturally universal- found across time and cultures

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8
Q

Culturally Universal Mental Disorders

A

-Schizophrenia, alcoholism, antisocial personality disorder

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9
Q

Diagnosis

A

-helps us describe a problem a person is experiencing

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10
Q

Misconceptions about diagnosis

A
  • psychiatric diagnosis is nothing more than pigeonholing, like sorting people into different boxes
  • psychiatric diagnoses are unreliable
  • psychiatric diagnoses are invalid
  • psychiatric diagnoses stigmatize people
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11
Q

Diagnosis truths:

A
  • psychiatrists actually realize that people differ. they are just similar in one aspect (ppl are more than their diagnosis)
  • for major mental disorders, interrater reliability is high (practitioners generally agree with one another when diagnosing the same person)
  • A diagnosis is not invalid and will tell us something new and true about the person
  • Contrary to labeling theorists’ claims, diagnoses may improve others’ perceptions of the mentally ill (doesn’t stigmatize them)
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12
Q

Rosenhan Study

A
  • Stanford professor
  • pseudo patients (n=8)
  • hearing voices> admitted to psychiatric hospital
  • released after 3 weeks
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13
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A
  • diagnostic system containing the American Psychiatric Association (APA) criteria for mental disorders
  • provides a list of symptoms and a decision rule on how many of these symptoms must be present for a diagnosis (DSM-5)
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14
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

acknowledges the interplay between biological (hormonal abnormalities), psychological (irrational thoughts), and social influences (interpersonal interactions)
-lists prevalence of mental disorders (% of ppl in population with a given disorder)

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15
Q

DSM-5 Criticism

A
  • some diagnoses may be invalid
    0medicalizes normality
  • reliance on a categorical model of psychopathology
    -vulnerable to political and social influences
    -high level of comorbidity among diagnoses
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16
Q

comorbidity

A

co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses within the same person

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17
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A
  • most everyday anxieties generally don’t last long or feel especially uncomfortable
  • everyday anxiety is actually adaptive
  • sometimes anxiety can spiral out of control and become excessive/chronic
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18
Q

GAD- Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A
  • continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability
  • spend on average 60% of each day worrying, compared with 18% of the general pop
  • often experience other anxiety disorders such as panic disorder/phobia
  • most prevalent in females and caucasians
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19
Q

Panic Disorder

A

-repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along with persistent concern about future attacks or a change in behavior to avoid panic attacks

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20
Q

Panic attack

A

a brief, intense episode of extreme fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, light-headedness, racing heartbeat, and feelings of impending death/losing one mind
-peaks in 10 minutes (some are triggered while some are un-cued

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21
Q

Phobia

A
  • intense fear of an object or situation that is greatly out of proportion to its actual threat (irrational)
  • for a fear to be a phobia, it must restrict our lives, create considerable distress or both
  • most common of all anxiety disorders
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22
Q

Specific phobia

A
  • intense fear of objects, places, or situations

- e.g. water, insects, animals, elevators

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23
Q

Agoraphobia

A
  • 1 in 25 people
  • fear of being in a place or a situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing or help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack
  • e.g. movie theater, malls, tunnels, bridges
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24
Q

Social Phobia

A
  • marked fear of public appearances in which embarrassment or humiliation is possible
  • e.g. public speaking, eating, or performing
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25
Q

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A
  • marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event
  • life-threatening to oneself or to someone else
  • the person’s response must also involve intense fear, helplessness, or horror
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26
Q

PTSD Symptoms

A
  • avoiding reminders of the trauma, sleep loss, anxiety, increased sensitivity to stimuli, nightmares, and flashbacks
  • hallmark of the disorder= reliving the traumatic event as if it were happening again
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27
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A

marked by repeated and lengthy (>1hour per day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both

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28
Q

Obsessions (OCD)

A
  • persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate and cause marked distress
  • e.g. contamination- germ related or aggression-thoughts of harming others
29
Q

Compulsions (OCD)

A
  • repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce or prevent stress
  • e.g. repeated checking and hand-washing are common, performing tasks in set ways, counting, tapping objects, repeating a specific phrase or prayer
  • compulsions are carried out to reduce anxiety and/or prevent obsessions from manifestation
  • related disorders include Tourette’s and body dysmorphic disorder
30
Q

Learning Models (explanations for anxiety disorders)

A
  • fears arise from learned associations
  • through classical conditioning (little Albert), operant conditioning (reinforcement), observing others (parents), or being given information from others (stories that induce fear)
31
Q

Catastrophic thinking

A

-Anxious people tend to think about the world in different ways than
non-anxious people.
-anticipating terrible events despite their low probability

32
Q

Anxiety sensitivity

A

-Anxious people tend to think about the world in different ways than
non-anxious people.
-negative misinterpretation of minor physical symptoms

33
Q

Genetic and Biological Influences of Anxiety Disorders

A 
twin studies show that many 
anxiety disorders (OCD) are genetically influenced.
34
Q

Mood Disorders

A
  • over 20% of Americans will experience a mood disorder: Depression (MDD), Bipolar (I or II), Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)
  • most prevalent in females
35
Q

Major Depressive Episode

A

a state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities
- symptoms include feeling sadness, hopelessness, worthless or irritability, sleep difficulties, fatigue and loss of E, weight and appetite changes, and thoughts of death/suicide

36
Q

MDD

A
  • women are twice as likely to be depressed as men
  • this difference may be attributed to differences between men and women in economic power, sex hormones, social support, and history of physical/sexual abuse
  • depression is recurrent
37
Q 
Life events (Explanations for 
Major Depressive Disorder)
A
  • stressful events that represent loss or threat of loss are closely tied to depression
  • e.g. loss of a close relationship/loss of a carreer
38
Q 
Interpersonal Model (Explanations for 
Major Depressive Disorder)
A

-depressed people seek excesssive reassurance which leads them to being disliked and rejected (viscious cycle)

39
Q

Interpersonal model: Coyne’s Study

A
  • college students speak on the phone with depressed or non-depressed individuals
  • the former reported feeling more depressed, anxious, and hostile after the conversation
  • they were also more rejecting
40
Q 
Behavioral Model (Explanations for 
Major Depressive Disorder)
A

Depressed people have a lack of positive reinforcement, and this leads them to stop engaging in goal setting and achievement-oriented behaviors, as there are no payoff for their efforts

41
Q 
Cognitive Model (Explanations for 
Major Depressive Disorder)
A
  • depression is caused by negative views of self, the future, and the world
  • this worldview develops early in life due to negative experiences
  • people with depression put a negative mental spin on their experiences
42
Q

mild depression

A

depressive realism (see the world more accurately)

43
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can’t control

44
Q

Rumination

A

-focusing on how bad they feel and are endlessly analyzing the causes and consequences of their problems

45
Q

The role of biology

A

genes exert a moderate influence on the risk of developing major depression
-innate predisposition in born tendencies

46
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

a condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode
- very genetically influenced, but the onset of an episode is usually a result of a stressful event
-Increased activity in amygdala (associated with emotions), decreased
activity in prefrontal cortex (associated with planning).

47
Q

Manic Episode

A

experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible/risky behavior (judgement is impaired)

48
Q

Suicide: Facts and Fictions

A
  • major depression and bipolar disorder are associated with a higher risk of suicide than most other disorders
  • around 45,000 reported cases of suicide in recent years (underreported)
  • previous attempt and a sense of hopelessness are strong risk factors in predicting suicide attempts
49
Q

Personality Disorders

A

-condition in which personality traits, appearing first in adolescence, are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situations, and lead to distress or impairment

50
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A

extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control

  • increased impulsivity and rapidly fluctuating emotions
  • will worship a person one day (idealize) and hate them the next day
51
Q

Psychopathic Personality (Not DSM)

A
  • condition marked by a distinctive set of personality traits including superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centeredness, guiltlessness, and risk-taking
  • overlap with antisocial personality disorder (DSM-5)
52
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A
  • condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible and/or illegal actions
  • e.g. mass murderers and sexual offenders
53
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

-conditions involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity or perception

54
Q

Dissociative Amnesis

A

inability to recall important personal information

  • most often related to a stressful experience
  • can’t be explained by ordinary forgetfulness
  • e.g. memory loss of early child abuse
55
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A

sudden, unexpected travel away from home or the workplace, accompanied by amnesia, for significant life events

  • in some cases they move to another city/country assuming a new identity
  • can last for hours or years (very rare condition)
56
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A

-the presence of two or more distinct identities (alters) that recurrently take control of the person’s behavior

57
Q

Alters (DID)

A
  • each alter has its own role/identity

- if the primary/host personality is shy, one or more of the alters may be outgoing or flamboyant

58
Q

Post-traumatic model (explanations for DID)

A
  • DID arrises from a history of severe abuse during childhood
  • it is believed that the child compartmentalized her identity into alters as a means of coping with intense emotional pain
  • in this way, the person can feel as though the abuse happened to someone else
59
Q

Socio-cognitive model (DID)

A

expectancies and beliefs from psychotherapy and cultural influences shape and maintain the disorder (it is all made up)
-most DID patients show no signs of the disorder before psychotherapy

60
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  • the cancer of mental illness

- devastating disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality

61
Q

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A
  • disturbances in thinking, language, emotion, and relationships often confused with DID
62
Q

Delusions

A

strongly held, fixed beliefs that have no basis in reality

  • are considered psychotic symptoms: because they are a serious distortion of reality
  • delusions are usually in the form of persecution
63
Q

Hallucinations

A
  • sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of an external stimulus
  • mostly auditory but can also be tactile or visual
64
Q

Disorganized Speech

A

language jumps from topic to topic

-likely a result of thought disorder

65
Q

Catatonic symptoms

A
  • motor problems

- resistance to comply with simple suggestions, holding the body in rigid postures, or curing up in the fetal position

66
Q

Explanations for schizophrenia

A
  • family interactions play a role
  • criticism, hostility and over-involvement (high expressed emotion families) can induce relapse
  • Brain Abnormalities: increased size of ventricles and reduction in gray matter, decreased hemispherical symmetry, decreased activity
  • Neurotransmitter differenced: dopamine hypothesis- excess dopamine signaling, likely though dopamine receptors
67
Q

Genetic findings (explanations for schizophrenia)

A

-Highly genetic
• As genetic similarity increases (if one or both parents have
it, 15% to 50% likelihood their offspring will develop the
disorder) so does the risk of getting schizophrenia.

68
Q

Diathesis-stress models (explanations for schizophrenia)

A

-mental disorders are a joint product of genetic vulnerability (diathesis), and stressors that trigger said vulnerability

Foundations Of Psychology: Final Exam (3 decks)

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