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Foundations Of Psychology: Final Exam > Final Exam: Personality > Flashcards

Final Exam: Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

consists of traits: relatively enduring characteristics that influence our behavior across many situations
-personality theory runs counter to social psychology and social influences

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2
Q

Personality theorists

A

believe it is personality that determines behavior and not the social forces impinging on us to act accordingly

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3
Q

Three Influences on Behavior

A
  1. Genetic Factors
  2. Shared environmental factors (ex parents raise their children similarly)- experiences that make individuals within the same family more alike
  3. Nonshared environmental factors (ex. parents treat one child more affectionately)- experiences that make individuals within the same family less alike.
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4
Q

Psychic Determinism
(The Psychoanalytic Theory
of Personality (Sigmund Freud))

A
  • all psychological events have a cause. Most causes are unconscious to us
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5
Q

Freudian Slip

A

Accidental mistake, usually the use of the wrong work in a sentence, thought to betray somebody’s subconscious preoccupations

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6
Q 
Symbolic Meaning (The Psychoanalytic Theory 
of Personality (Sigmund Freud))
A
  • all actions are meaningful
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7
Q 
Unconscious Motivation (The Psychoanalytic Theory 
of Personality (Sigmund Freud))
A

we rarely understand why we do things.

  • the unconscious is much more influential in determining our behavior and personality than the conscious mind
  • we do not have free will
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8
Q

Three components of the mind

A
  • The interplay between the three components gives rise to our personalities, and differences in the strength of these components help account for individual differences in personality.
  • Id
  • Ego
  • Superego
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9
Q

Id

A
  • The “It”: basic instincts; the reservoir of our most primitive impulses including sex and aggression.
  • it is entirely unconscious
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10
Q

Ego

A
  • The I; the psyche’s/mind’s executive and principal decision-maker
  • mediates between the Id’s wishes and Superego’s judgement
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11
Q

The Ego is ruled by:

A
  • ruled by the reality principle: the tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet
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12
Q

The Id is ruled by:

A

-ruled buy the pleasure principle: the tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification (seeking fulfillment of sexual and aggressive impulses)

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13
Q

Superego

A

-the “Above I”: our sense of morality/ right and wrong (internalized from our society, particularly our parents)

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14
Q

Psychological distress

A
  • Freud believed that these three agencies (Id, ego, superego) interacted continuously
  • and that psych distress is caused by a conflict between these three agencies of the psyche
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15
Q

Dreams

A
  • All dreams are wish fulfillments: expressions of the id’s impulses
  • Dreams give us insight into the internal struggle among the three agencies
  • the superego commands the ego to convert these wishes into symbols to disguise our real wishes/Id impulses
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16
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize or defend against anxiety (a function of the ego
- defenses always distort our perception fo reality

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17
Q

Repression

A
  • motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses (internal thoughts emotions)
  • e.g. repression of the impulse to hit or hurt a friend who betrayed you. Instead you maintain this friendship
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18
Q

Denial

A
  • motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences

- e.g. denying unpleasant news (death etc)

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19
Q

Regression

A
  • act of returning psychologically to a younger, and typically simpler and safer age when we are under enormous stress
  • e.g. crawling into fetal position in bed
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20
Q

Reaction-formation

A
  • transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite
  • e.g. a married woman who is sexually attracted to her boss starts treating him poorly
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21
Q

Projection

A
  • unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics onto others
  • e.g. a man who is thinking about cheating on his wife suddenly starts accusing his wife of cheating on him
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22
Q

Displacement

A
  • directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable one
  • e.g. your boss yells at you, you go home and yell at your roomate
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23
Q

Rationalization

A
  • providing reasonable-sounding explanations for unreasonable behaviors or failures
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24
Q

Psychosexual stages: theory of development

A
  • personality develops in psychosexual stages in the different erogenous zones, the sexually arousing areas of the body
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25
Q

Oral Stage

A
  • 12-18 months
  • infants obtain sexual gratification by sucking and drinking
  • people fixated here are intensely dependent on others, just as infants are dependent on their mothers during this period
  • e.g. smokers and people who still suck their thumbs
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26
Q

Anal stage

A
  • 18 months- 3years
  • focuses on toilet training and conflict around training
  • Gratification- through alleviating tension by expelling feces- but learn that they can’t do this nay time they feel like it
  • people fixated here are dealing with issues of control
  • anal personalities- retentive/total control (excessive neatness, stinginess, stubbornness) and expulsive/no control- (messy, impulsive and reckless)
27
Q

Phallic Stage

A
  • 3-6 years
  • focuses on genitals
  • most influential of all stages
28
Q

Oedipus complex

A

the complex of emotions aroused in a young child, typically around the age of four, by an unconscious sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex and wish to exclude the parent of the same sex. (

29
Q

Electra Complex

A

-equivalent to the Oedipus complex for girls

30
Q

Latency Stage

A
  • 6-12 years

- sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious (sexuality is dormant)

31
Q

Genital stage

A
  • 12 years/puberty- adulthood

- sexual impulse awaken and begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others

32
Q

Fixation or “stuck”

A

-stuck in a stage as a result of deprivation of gratification (all ways seeking it out) or excessive gratification (not wanting to leave the stage)

33
Q

Neo-Freudian theories

A
  • theories derived from Freud’s model
    -emphasize unconscious influences on behavior
    -early experiences are important in shaping personality
    -place less emphasis on sexuality/pleasure as a driving force in personality
    -
34
Q

Behavioral, Social Learning, and Humanistic Theories

A
  • focus more on our experiences, emotions, social interactions, and conscious motivations
35
Q

Behaviorists

A

believe personality is influenced by both genetic factors and contingencies (reinforcers/punishers)
-our personalities are a collection of habits acquired through classical conditioning (learning by association) and operant conditioning

36
Q

Reinforcement

A

increases likelihood of a behavior

37
Q

Determinists

A
  • believe all of our actions are products of preexisting causal influences
  • Similar to Freud- free will is an illusion
  • believe unconscious variables play a role in causing the behavior, however, the variables lie outside us, not inside us
38
Q

Social Learning Theories of Personality

A
  • emphasize thinking as a cause of personality (in essence our thoughts determine our personality)
  • how we interpret our environments affects how we react to them; if we interpret others as threatening, we will typically display hostile and suspicious personality
39
Q

Observational Learning

A
  • learning can occur by watching others
  • we watch others be selfish- we think about what we observe and then decide whether we want to behave selfishly ourselves
40
Q

Locus of Control

A

the extent to which people believe/think that life events lie inside or outside of their control

41
Q

Internal locus of control

A
  • believe that life events are due largely to their own efforts and personal characteristics
  • e.g. if I work hard, I can get an A
42
Q

External locus of control

A
  • believe that life events are largely a product of chance or fate (out of one’s control)
  • e.g. it does not matter how hard I work the prof hate me
43
Q

Humanistic Models of Personality

A
  • we are perfectly free to choose either socially constructive or destructive paths in life
  • We have free will
  • founded by Carl Rogers
44
Q

Three Components of Personality (Humanistic Model)

A
  1. organism
  2. self
  3. conditions of worth
45
Q

1.Organism

A
  • innate genetic blue-print- like the ‘Id’, but Roger’s believe people are inherently good and helpful to others
46
Q
  1. Self
A

Our self concept, our set of beliefs of who we are

47
Q
  1. Conditions of Worth
A
  • expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behavior
  • derived from our parents and society, and eventually, we internalize them
  • E.g. parents place on us conditions of worth-“you are valuable if you go to college. You are not as valuable if you drop out of college”
  • Can lead to INCONGRUENCE= not being true to ourselves-> distress
48
Q

Trait Theories or Models of Personality

A
  • proponents of trait models are interested primarily in describing and understanding the structure of personality
  • not interested in where they came from
  • E.g. shy, greedy, and cheap can be considered traits to describe an individual’s personality
49
Q

Factor Analysis

A
  • statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories
  • used to reduce a large diversity of personality traits into as few as three to five factors
  • e.g. shy reserved introvert= all go into forming one trait called introversion
50
Q

Walter Mischel

A
  • argued that personality traits did not predict behavior very well across situations
  • the situation matters just as much as one’s personality in determining behavior
  • e.g. one may be shy at work but not at home with one’s family
51
Q

Seymour Epstein

A

-demonstrated that while Mischel was correct for specific events, he found that personality traits can predict aggregated behaviors (on average over time)

52
Q

Models of Personality Structure: Big Five

A

Traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analysis of personality measures
- internet dating website E-Harmony using the Big Five in their personality measure

53
Q

OCEAN

A
  1. Openness to experience: intellectually curious
  2. Conscientiousness: careful and responsible
  3. Extraversion: social and lively
  4. Agreeableness: friendly as easy to get along with
  5. Neuroticism: tense and moody
54
Q

Big Five and Behavior

A
  • able to predict real-world behavior
  • does not include a morality trait: morality is often included in personality theories
  • there appear to be limits to the cross-cultural universality, especially openness to new experiences
  • individualistic vs collectivistic societies
55
Q

Structured Personality Tests

A
  • paper and pencil tests consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways
  • T/F, scale 1-5
56
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)

A
  • most widely used structured test designed to assess symptoms of medical disorders
  • built using empirical method of test construction
  • have a low face validity
  • the scale detects response sets
57
Q

Empirical method of test constructon

A

an approach in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups (people with or without a disorder) and examine which items best distinguish them

58
Q

Face Validity

A

the extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring
-hard to tell what the test is assessing

59
Q

Response Sets

A

the tendencies to distort responses to items
e.g. Impression management making ourselves looking better that we really are and Malingering- making ourselves appear psychologically disturbed

60
Q

Rational/theoretical method of test

construction

A

requires test developers to begin
with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait
(anxiety or anger) and then write items to assess
that conceptualization.

61
Q

Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ)

A
  • assesses positive emotions, negative emotions, and impulse control
  • The MPQ has strong validity, but not all rational/theoretical tests do, such as MBTI(Myers-Briggs Type Indicator)
  • Beck Depression Inventory (10 items)- high validity
62
Q

Projective Tests

A

consist of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret

63
Q

Projective hypothesis

A
  • examinees project aspects of their own personality onto the ambiguous stimulus
  • Most controversial- validity and reliability is still disputed
  • E.g. inkblot test
64
Q

P.T. Barnum Effect

A

The tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions or descriptions that apply to almost everyone- as accurate- demonstrates that personal validation(subjective judgments of accuracy) is a flawed method for evaluating a test’s validity. (must research to validate test)

Foundations Of Psychology: Final Exam (3 decks)

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