Final Exam Prep (Written) Flashcards
Describe an upper limb flexor synergy
Wrist & elbow flexion
Forearm supination
Shoulder ER & abduction
Scapular retraction & elevation
Describe an upper limb extensor synergy
Wrist flexion & elbow extension
Forearm pronation
Shoulder adduction & IR
Scapular depression & protraction
Describe a lower limb flexor synergy
Toe extension
Ankle dorsiflexion & inversion
Knee flexion
Hip flexion, abd & ER
Describe a lower limb extensor synergy
Toe flexion & ankle plantarflexion
Knee extension
Hip adduction & IR
With SCI, paraplegia is defined as injuries at the level of __ and below
T2
With SCI, quadriplegia is defined as injury at the level of _ and above.
T1
Brown-Sequard syndrome will see ipsilateral loss of:
motor function and epicritic sensation
Differentiate epicritic vs. protopathic sensation:
Epicritic: fine touch discrimination, conscious proprioception, vibration
Protopathic: heat, cold, pain, coarse stimuli
What is the typical MOI for central cord syndromes?
hyperextension (usually c/spine)
With anterior cord syndrome, ____ sensory ability will be maintained.
epicritic/fine, discriminative touch
What is the most common form of MS? Which type affects men & women equally?
M/C: RRMS (75%)
Primary-Progressive affects men & women equally
Benign MS is a subtype of which kind? What differentiates it?
RRMS - remission is almost complete after relapses!
Differentiate the 5 stages of Parkinson’s
1: unilateral S&S
2: bilateral S&S, balance not yet affected
3: balance affected, freezing phenomenon. gait & balance impaired
4: severe bradykinesia, ADL assistance required
5: functional independence lost, full systemic rigidity
Which grade(s) of concussion will have had a LoC?
only grade 3
Which of Brunnstrom’s stages will see maximum contraction of all mm in the synergy?
stage 3
Which Brunnstrom’s stages do not see spasticity?
Stage 1, and stage 7 (little to no indication of spasticity)
ALS is usually fatal ___ years post-dx
3-6
Which cord syndrome usually sees unaffected lower limbs and can be mistaken for a stroke?
Central
Anterior cord injury can be fatal if the ___ is injured
anterior spinal artery
Huntington’s disease sees overstimulation of the ___ pathway
thalamocortical
With Huntington’s, which brain regions are atrophied?
caudate nucleus and putamen
With Huntington’s, the ventricles ___ and the overall brain size decreases by __%
enlarge
20%
What kind of diet might people with Huntington’s be prescribed?
extremely high calorie, to prevent cachexia (mm wasting)
Huntington’s usually results in death within __ years
20
__% of cases of ALS are familial
10%
The most prominent loss of neurons occurs in the ___ of the spinal cord with ALS
lateral corticospinal tract
Brain lesions are seen in the MRIs of __% of patients with MS
80
