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UNI > Final exam: plants and invertebrates > Flashcards

Final exam: plants and invertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

Define what it means by intermediate host and definitive host in an endoparasite lifecycle.

A

Intermediate host: organisms that harbour larval/immature stages of parasites until they move onto the final host.

Definitive host: The final host harbours a parasite through its adult life until it completes its lifecycle.

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2
Q

What are the 3 essential processes of a parasitic lifecycle?

A
  1. getting on/into their host
  2. Establishment (protect themselves from a host defence mechanism)
  3. Disperal (moving from one host to the next)
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3
Q

Name a parasite of the class CESTODA (tapeworms)

A

Echinococcus granulosus.

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4
Q

What is the phylum, class and order of tapeworms?

A

Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoda
Order: Cyclophyllidea

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5
Q

Give an example of an endoparasite from class cestoda and define key stages of its lifecycle.

A

Echinococcus granulosus (tapeworm)
Most commonly infects canidae (dogs).

  1. Eggs enter host via ingesting fecal matter containing eggs
  2. eggs enter intermediate host (cattle) and hatch into free swimming larvae (oncsopshere)
  3. oncosphere becomes invaginated encysted stage (cysticercus / bladder worm)
  4. mature worm develops once invaginated cysticercus is eaten by definitive host (canidae)
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6
Q

How does the chosen tapeworm evade host defence?

A

induce host t-helper2 cell response leading to limitation of anti-parasitic immune response.

germinal layer of the cyst provides a barrier against immune responses.

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7
Q

What is the definitive host for Echinococcus granulosus?

A

The hydatid worm commonly infects Dogs//Canidae as its definitive host. Rarely humans.

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8
Q

What is the intermediate host for Echinococcus granulosus?

A

Hydatid worm commonly uses cattle as its intermediate host during larval stages.

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9
Q

Name a parasite of the class TREMATODE (Flatworms)

A

Fasciola hepatica (flukes)

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10
Q

What is the phylum, class and order of flatworms?

A

Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Trematoda
Order: ?

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11
Q

Give an example of an endoparasite from class trematoda and define key stages of its lifecycle.

A
  1. Embryonated eggs passed via feces into water
  2. Larvae released in water and penetrate snail
  3. Larvae go through several stages developing into an immature form of the fluke (cercariae)
  4. cercariae released from snail and form cysts on water plants (watercress)
  5. Definitive host eat contaiminated cystic waterplants
  6. cysts release larvae and penetrate intestinal wall to liver (bile ducts)
  7. adult flukes develop and release eggs
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12
Q

How does the chosen flatworm evade host defence?

A

Fasciola hepatica:
Down regulates host immune response via excretory/secretory products during early development.

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13
Q

What is the definitive host for Fasciola hepatica?

A

Definitive host for flatworms is generally humans or cattle that ingest contaminated waterplants.

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14
Q

What is the intermediate host for Fasciola hepatica?

A

Intermediate host is a snail where larval development occurs into cercariae, which is then released from snail.

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15
Q

Name a parasite of the class NEMATODE (Roundworms)

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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16
Q

What is the phylum, class and order of roundworms?

A

Phylum: Nematode
Class: Ascarididae
Order: ?

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17
Q

Give an example of an endoparasite from class Nematoda and define key stages of its lifecycle.

A

Ascaris lumbricoides
1. Oral-fecal infections

  1. Eggs in feces develop in the environment and are swallowed from contaminated ingestibles.
  2. eggs hatch in the intestine
  3. Larvae migrate to lungs
  4. Larvae coughed up and swallowed
  5. Adults develop in intestine
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18
Q

How many hosts does a nematode have?

A

One!

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19
Q

How does the chosen roundworm evade host defence?

A

produces molecules that modulate the host response toward a suppression state, creating an anti-inflammatory environment that promotes parasite survival

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20
Q

What are the 5 main mouthparts in insects?

A
  1. Labrum
  2. Mandible
  3. Labium
  4. Maxialle
  5. Hypopharynx
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21
Q

Name the 4 major insect CLADES

A
  1. Apterygota (silverfish)
  2. Pterygota –>
    –> 3. Paleoptera
    —> 4. Neoptera
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22
Q

Characteristics of the insect clade Apteryogota

A

WINGLESS

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23
Q

Characteristic of the insect clade Pterygota

A

WINGED

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24
Q

Characteristics of the insect clade Paleoptera

A

Wings CANNOT fold against body
Extensive venation.

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25
Q

Characteristics of the insect clade Neoptera

A

Wings CAN fold against body
Reduced venation

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26
Q

Describe one adaptive radiation feature of insect mouthparts.

A
  1. Probiscous is homologous to maxialle in grasshoppers
  2. Adaptive radiation of Labrum in mosquitoes, designed as a main feeding tube.
27
Q

What is entomophagy?

A

Eating insects
Something we (humans) will all have to do one day.

28
Q

3 Main ideas on why insects are so speciose

A
  1. Locomotion (flight)
  2. Adaptive radiation (mouthparts)
  3. Rapid life cycle & reproductive cycle + larval stages
29
Q

What are the 4 main plant groups?

A
  1. Bryophytes
  2. Ferns
  3. Gymnosperms
  4. Angiosperms
30
Q

What are the defining characteristics of Bryophytes?

A
  1. Cuticle + stomata
  2. Water required for fertilisation
31
Q

Sporophyte and Gametophyte characteristics in all plant groups

A

Bryophytes:
- Dominant gametophyte (cushion)
- Dependent sporophyte (stalk, short lived)

Ferns:
- dominant sporophyte (long lived)
- Independent gametophyte

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms:
- dominant independent sporophyte
- microscopic & heterosporous gametophyte

32
Q

Defining characteristics of Ferns?

A
  1. Vascular system (xylem, phloem)
  2. Roots
33
Q

What is the female gametophyte called?

A

Archegonium

34
Q

What is the male gametophyte called?

A

Antheridium

35
Q

Defining characteristics of Gymnosperms?

A

Seeds
Pollen
Independent of water

36
Q

Defining characteristics of Angiosperms?

A

Pollen, fruits, flowers
Double fertilisation

37
Q

Summarise the life cycle of a Bryophyte (moss)

A
  1. Sporophyte (2n) releases spores (male and female)
  2. Male gametophytes and female gametophytes grow independently
  3. water droplet splashes sperm out of antheridium and into archegonium
  4. Flagellated sperm swim to fertilise egg
  5. Embryo develops into sporocyte
38
Q

Summarise the life cycle of a Fern.

A
  1. Sporangium releases spores
  2. Spores grow into young gametophyte
  3. Mature gameotphyte consists of Archegonium and Antheridium
  4. Water film allows sperm to swim from Antheridium to Archegonium on gametophyte and fertilise egg
  5. sporophyte develops
39
Q

Summarise the life cycle of a Gymnosperm.

A
  1. Sporphyte grows male and female parts
  2. male microspores fertilise female megaspores
  3. zygote forms and grows into seed via meiosis
  4. sporophyte develops
40
Q

Summarise the lifecycle of Angiosperms

A
  1. Adult sporophyte (flower) pollinated female part of flower (wind/animals)
  2. pollen grain forms pollen tube
  3. sperm fertilises egg
  4. Endosperm fuses with nuclei (DOUBLE FERTILISATION)
  5. Seed grows into sporophyte
41
Q

What is Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)?

A

Measure of Soil fertility
Amount of cations soil is capable of holding.
Ca+ and K+

42
Q

What particles promote CEC and how?

A

Humus: Decomposition of plant matter by soil microorganisms

Clays: Negative surface charge

43
Q

What is endotrophic mycorrhizae?

What features would you find in a cell like this?

A

INTRACELLULAR Fungus, penetrating cortical cells
–> efficient exchange of nutrients.
–> Phosphorous

Features
- Vesicles
- Arbuscles

44
Q

What is ectotrophic mycorrhizae?

What features would be found inside the cell?

A

INTERCELLULAR fungus does not penetrate host cells, instead inbetween hosts.
–> not as efficient as endo
–> nutrient uptake

Features:
- Hyphae Sheath
- Hartig net

45
Q

What is translocation and where does it occur?

A

Generally a long transport system of sugars within the plant body.

Occurs in the phloem from a Source (leaf) to sink (root).

46
Q

Describe the process of translocation using the pressure flow model in 3 steps.

A
  1. PHLOEM LOADING
    Photosynthate moves from chloroplast past companion cell into sieve tube element (phloem).
  2. MASS FLOW IN PHLOEM
    Sucrose concentrated in sieve (phloem), hence water flows from xylem (less concentrated) to phloem (more concentrated).
    Increased water in phloem creates a push = mass flow
  3. PHLOEM UNLOADING
    Sucrose unloaded from sieve into sink
    Sucrose stored or metabolised in sink.
47
Q

What is the pressure-flow model?

A

Solution driven by mass flow

Osmotically generated pressure gradient between source and sink.

48
Q

What is the function of the Casparian strip?

A

Located within the endodermis of root cells, it provides a hydrophobic waxy layer facilitating the entry of water and nutrients into the pericycle/vascular bundle.

49
Q

What is the structure and function of parenchyma cells?

A

Structure
- living cells
- thin cellulose walls
- makeup pith and cortex

Function
- filling/packing
- tissue support

50
Q

What is the structure and function of Collenchyma cells?

A

Structure:
- Living cells
- unevenly thickened (additional cellulose)
- Consists of pectin

Function:
- strength w/out rigidity
- supports young tissue

51
Q

What is the structure and function of Sclerenchyma cells?

A

Structure:
- Dead at maturity
- Composed of lignin
- found close by xylem and phloem as

Function
- structural support
- indigestible by herbivores

52
Q

What features increase transpiration in plants?

A
  1. Light: stimulates stomata opening
  2. Temperature: increased heat increased evaporation
  3. Wind
  4. Decreased humidity
53
Q

Mechanisms used by plants to reduce transpiration.

A
  • thick waxy cuticle
  • rolling leaves
  • sunken stomata
  • presence of hairs
  • reduced leaves
  • fleshy stem
54
Q

Name 3 plant types with special adaptations to limited habitats

A

Xerophytic: Amophillia grass
Sclerophytic: Hakea
Epiphytic: Orchids

55
Q

What are the 3 major sub-phyla for the phylum of terrestrial arthropods?

A
  1. Chelicerata (Arachnids)
  2. Myriapods (centipede)
  3. Hexapoda (Diptera)
56
Q

Defining characteristics of sub-phyla Cherlicarata

A
  • 4 pairs of legs
  • body composed of 2 regions
  • pre oral appendages (chelicerae) act as mouthparts
  • anterior pedipalps
57
Q

What separated Scorpiones from Araneae?

A

Scorpiones pedipalps are homologous claws
Araneae have much larger chelicerates
Scorpiones have a stinging tail

58
Q

Defining characteristics of Myriapods

A
  • distinct head
  • trunk not obviously divided into thorax and abdomen
  • single pair of antennae
  • body segments consist of 1-2 pairs of legs (hundreds of legs)
59
Q

Defining characteristics of Hexapoda

A
  • 3 regions, head, thorax and abdomen
  • thorax consists of 3 parts, each has a pair of legs = 6 legs
  • generally winged
60
Q

Defining features of Arthropods

A
  • exoskeleton
  • segmentation
61
Q

Draw a phylogeny of the arthropods, Chelicerates, Araneae and Myriapods.

62
Q

Why are spiders so successful?

A
  1. Precise locomotory system
  2. Efficient vision
  3. Silk glands
63
Q

Name some uses of silk

A
  1. safety lines
  2. construction of nests, traps, cocoons
  3. wrap prey for storage
  4. line burrows
  5. prey capture
  6. web building
  7. egg sacs
  8. young spiders use parachutes when dispersing from natal area.
64
Q

name the 2 subgroups of Aranae and their distinguishing features

A

MYGLAOMORPH
parallel chelicerae
2 pairs book lungs
FunnelWebs, trapdoors

ARANEOMORPHS
opposed chelicerae
0-2 book lungs (generally 1)
Huntsman, Peacock spiders

UNI (5 decks)

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