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Class Tetrapod, Midsession quiz Flashcards

1
Q

CLASS AMPHIBIA
What are the 3 orders of Amphibians?

A
  1. Order Gymnophiona
  2. Order Caudates
  3. Order Anura
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2
Q

GYMNOPHIONA
What are the Defining features of this order?

Micro and Macrohabitat?

A

Caecilians

Defining Features:
Burrowing Anuli
Internal Fertilisation
Limbless
Sensory tentacle

Eggs can be laid;
In Water: Gilled larvae, become terrestrial after metamorphing
Underground: Young hatch as small adults.

Microhabitat:
Moist, loose soil
Near Streams
tropical rainforests

Macrohabitat:
South America

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3
Q

CAUDATA

What are the defining features of this order?

A

Salamanders & Newts

Defining features:
Limb regeneration
Internal/external fertilisation
Entirely terrestrial
PAEDOMORPHIC
Breed in water; Larvae
Merge to land until ready to breed again
Skin is a respiratory organ
Alternate undulations (limbs)

Microhabitat:
Damp/Wet areas

Macrohabitat:
Northern Hemisphere
America, Europe Asia, Japan

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4
Q

Define Paedomorphic

A

Retaining juvenile characteristics as adults

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5
Q

ANURA

What are the defining features of this order?

A

Frogs

Defining features;
Bulging eyes aid swallowing
Buccal pump
Specialised skeleton for jumping, swimming
Oviparous - require water
Aestivation - torpor
freezing frogs

Metamorphosis;
1. tadpole structure break down, chemical constituents rebuild to adult structure
2. loss of gills/lung development
3. Hormonally controlled

Microhabitat
Moist

Macrohabitat
Globally excluding antartica

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6
Q

What are the 2 major groups of amniotes?

A
  1. Synapsids
  2. Sauraposids
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7
Q

SYNAPSID

A

SYNAPSID
- mammals
- Synapsid skull
- evolved earlier
- forelimbs more developed than hind
- DIAPHRAM
- Better Olfaction, poor Vision
** Synapsids were once more successful than Sauropsids until the Permian Mass extinction ~245 mya, called the ‘Triassic takeover’**

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8
Q

SAUROPSID

A

SAUROPSID
- Lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, birds
- Diapsid Skull (NOT TURTLES)
- Better Vision, poor olfaction
- Hindlimbs are more developed than forelimbs
- GASTRALIA- rib-like structure on front of chest

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9
Q

What is the most defining feature of all Amniotes?

A

Amniotic egg
Amniotic sac in placental mammals
Double circulation

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10
Q

Name the important structures within the Amniotic egg

A

Allantois
Yolk
Chorion
Amnion

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11
Q

What is the function of the Yolk in the amniotic egg?

A

Provides nutrients and water for embryo
Fuel
When embryo uses up nutrients, the yolk shrinks

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12
Q

What is the function of the Allantois in the amniotic egg?

A

‘bladder’ storing nitrogenous waste
gas exchange

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13
Q

What is the function of the Chorion in the amniotic egg?

A

Encloses yolk, embryo and allantois
Facilitates gas exchange w/ exterior

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14
Q

What is the function of the Amnion in the amniotic egg?

A

Encloses embryo
provides cushion against mechanical shock

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15
Q

How has the amniotic egg allowed life on land?

A
  1. Doesn’t require a water source
  2. Self-sustaining environment
  3. Mammals, other than monotremes, develop the same amniotic layers but inside the womb
  4. Less pool competition - dispersal on terrestrial land
  5. Decreased predation
  6. Higher chance of survival off offspring (fewer in numbers though)
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16
Q

How do endotherms insulate themselves?

A

High MR
Insulation

17
Q

Endothermy

A

Mammals and birds
internally thermoregulate

18
Q

Ectothermy

A

Reptiles and Crocs
Rely on external heat sources

19
Q

Evolution of Endothermy

A

Erect Gait, bipedal (upright posture) BIRDS
Jaw structure
Palate
Turbinates (humidity and breathing)

20
Q

Why are amphibians vulnerable during metamorphosis?

A

Low immune competence due to the reorganising of essential molecular pathways (limbs)
High energetic cost of tissue reorganisation
Low nutrition - Don’t feed themselves during

*Tadpole structure breaks down, chemical constituents rebuild into adult structure *

21
Q

What are the 5 abiotic challenges that tetrapods face?

A
  1. UV
  2. Gravity
  3. Desiccation
  4. Reproduction
  5. Temperature
22
Q

Solutions to Abiotic factors:

  1. UV radiation
A

Behavioural avoidance
Protecting exposed surfaces
Scales, feathers, Fur
Skin pigmentation

23
Q

Solutions to Abiotic factors:

  1. Gravity
A

Structural support & musculature
Endoskeleton
favours terrestrial locomotion
Joints and muscles

24
Q

Solutions to Abiotic factors:

  1. Desiccation
A

Reptiles and birds can repackage ammonia
Concentrates urine in mammals
Rectal recovery of excretory fluids (dry faeces)
Salt excreting glands

25
Solutions to Abiotic factors: 4. Reproduction
Amniotic Egg
26
Solutions to Abiotic factors: 5. Temperature
Thermoregulation Endo/Ectothermy Behavioural Strategies - Hibernation - Torpor - aestivation Cold hardiness + freezing in frogs
27
What are the circulatory and respiratory adaptations of amphibians?
RESPIRATION Buccal pump in frogs Breathing through skin Consequences: Breathing through the skin can result in the inhalation of harmful chemicals in the air CIRCULATION 3 cambers Mixing WHY? Lower MR, don't require much oxygen to be delivered to the body
28
What are the circulatory and respiratory adaptations of birds?
RESPIRATION most efficient in the animal kingdom Unidirectional (racetrack) Negative pressure breathing Rib + pelvic movements to inhale 9 air sacs in birds Continuous flow of air through lungs, expells extra heat from the body Makes flying possible CIRCULATION 4 Chambers Single aorta High MR Complete separation of Left and right heart
29
What are the circulatory and respiratory adaptations of crocodiles?
RESPIRATION Unidirectional (racetrack) Negative pressure breathing Rib + pelvic movements to inhale Fewer but still some air sacs in crocs (posterior is main air sac) CIRCULATION 4 Chambers Crocs: cog tooth valve (diving) restricts blood flow to lungs COG TOOTH lowers MR allowing for longer diving times some mixing 2 aortas Ectotherms, due to slight mixing and their sit-and-wait behaviour when hunting, does not require them to be warm-blooded.
30
What are the circulatory and respiratory adaptations of Mammals?
RESPIRATION Bi-directional (waves at a beach) Negative pressure breathing Diaphram Bi-pedal, erect gaits Highly efficient CIRCULATION Same as Avian 1 Aorta 4 chambers Complete separation of chambers No mixing Double circulation
31
What mechanisms have birds developed to fly?
LIFT: BERNOULLI PRINCIPLE Side of wing with fast flow (above) has a lower pressure The side of wing with slower airflow (below) has a higher pressure Results in an uplifting force Pressure is generally always higher below wings pressure difference drives birds off the ground THRUST: Sweep air providing a forward motion High powered downstroke Low powered Upstroke
32
Defining features of Amphibians
Skin must always be wet to allow for skin respiration Aquatic/require moist environments Start off as larvae Anapsid skull

UNI (5 decks)

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