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Ex Phys II > Final Exam Pediatrics > Flashcards

Final Exam Pediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

Height and Weight Change not Synchronized: Males vs. Females

A

Females: height = 12 yrs, weight = 12.5 yrs

Males: height = 14 yrs, weight = 14. 5 yrs

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2
Q

Muscle Growth: %fat differences between men and women and hormones that play a role, peak muscle mass occurs at what age for each

A

Muscle mass:

  • 25% BW at birth
  • 30 to 35% BW in women (estrogen)
  • 40 to 45% BW in men (testosterone)
  • peaks at 16 to 20yrs for girls, 18 to 25yrs for boys
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3
Q

How is fat stored? At maturity, fat content averages % in males, % in females.

A
  • fat is stored by increasing the size and number of fat cells, but cells can only increase to a certain max volume and then new cells are formed.
  • 15% in males, 25% in females
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4
Q

Physiological Changes with Growth: strength, blood volume, heart size, BP, HR, economy, lung volume and peak flow

A
  • strength increases
  • blood volume, heart size, BP increase
  • HR decreases
  • economy increases
  • lung volume and peak flow increase
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5
Q

Strength per Unit of BW for boys vs. girls

A
  • boys increase drastically throughout puberty because of major increase in testosterone
  • girls don’t increase as drastically because they gain more body fat
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6
Q

Physiological Responses to Acute Exercise: BP, SV, HR, CO, a-vO2

A
  • BP is lower but increases to adult levels in late teens; due to smaller hearts and lower peripheral resistance
  • SV is lower due to smaller heart and blood volume
  • HR is higher to compensate for low SV
  • CO is slightly lower
  • a-vO2 is higher to compensate for lower SV
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7
Q

Absolute vs. Relative Rates of Work in Children vs. Adults for oxygen delivery

A
  • At relative rates of work, there is no difference and oxygen delivery capacity does not limit performance
  • At absolute rates of work, oxygen delivery capacity limits performance
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8
Q

Peaks of absolute VO2max in males and females

A 
Males = age 17 to 21
Females = age 14 to 15, although leveling off or decrease may be due to females being less physically active than males
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9
Q

VO2max is not a good indicator of CR endurance performance in children due to….

A

lower running economy

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10
Q

Anaerobic Capacity in Children

A
  • ability to perform anaerobic activities is lower
  • glycolytic capacity is lower
  • produce less lactate and can’t attain high RER values during max exercise
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11
Q

Changes in Motor Ability

A

increase through the first 18 years, females tend to plateau around puberty

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12
Q

Thermal Stress and Children

A

-less able to respond to cold environments and protect from hot environments due to body surface area to body weight being much greater in children

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13
Q

Which injuries are more incident boys vs. girls

A

boys- fractures, contusions, strains

girls- overuse injuries

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14
Q

Incidence of Injuries- new vs. reinjury, practice vs. competition

A
  • 90% hs injuries are new injuries

- greater number of injuries occur in practice, but injury rates are higher in competition

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15
Q

Top 4 Types of Injuries in Children

A
  1. Growth plate or epiphyseal fractures
  2. Articular Cartilage/Osteochondritis Dissecans (lower resistance to repetitive loading)
  3. Osgood-Schlatter disorder
  4. Avulsion fractures (bone and epiphyseal plates weaker than tendons and ligaments
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16
Q

Major Elements of Injury Risk Management (5)

A
  1. Preparticipation Exam
  2. Conditioning & Training
  3. Proper Supervision
  4. Protection of the Body
  5. Environmental Control
17
Q

Purposes of Preparticipation Exam

A
  • determine general health and detect conditions that place the participant at additional risk
  • ID medical contraindications to participation
  • ID sports that may be played safely
  • assess maturity and overall fitness
  • educate the athlete
18
Q

ACSM estimates % of all injuries sustained by youth while playing sports could be prevented if more emphasis was placed on developing fundamental fitness abilities prior to sport participation

A

50%

19
Q

Post-season, Off-season, Pre-season, In-season

A

Post-season: up to 4 weeks after end of competitive season
Off-season: end of post-season to 8 weeks before competition
Pre-season: 8 weeks prior to competition
In-season: first competition to last

20
Q

Conditioning and Training should include what elements

A 
energy system training
strength and power training
speed
agility
flexibility
skill development- team and individual
nutrition
21
Q

Proper Supervision- primary and secondary levels of supervision

A

Volunteer coaches with varying level of expertise = first level in injury prevention and first aid/CPR

Qualified Officials and Medical Personnel at games = second level to provide game control and immediate injury containment

22
Q

According to National Children and Youth Study, at least % children 5-12 do not get enough vigorous activity necessary to maintain or improve CR fitness

A

50%

23
Q

Students are graduating from our schools without knowledge of:

A
  1. how to evaluate their fitness levels
  2. how to design an individualized exercise program to enhance or maintain any or all of the 5 components of health related fitness (muscular endurance, aerobic endurance, strength, flexibility, body comp)
  3. what the benefits of exercise are
  4. why fitness is important to everyone
24
Q

Definition of Fitness Educated Person

A

an individual who can make responsible decisions about their health and welfare based on scientific information; they are fit and can monitor and adjust their own fitness program based on their own fitness goals and evals

25
Q

Is there a minimal age for a child to safely begin a resistance training program?

A

no, as long as the child is mature enough to follow directions

26
Q

Is strength improvement possible before puberty? Prepubescent boys acute serum testosterone, muscle mass

A
  • yes
  • prepubescent boys do not get acute increases in serum testosterone as they do in adult men (women get GH increases)
  • increases in muscle mass beyond normal growth are generally not seen (more research); hypertrophy may be possible with high intensity long duration
27
Q

Strength Increases and Detraining in Children

A
  • Strength increases typically due to neural factors up to 6 months
  • Detraining after 3 months, child’s strength is lost but previous untrained children are at same level due to influence of testosterone with growth
28
Q

Resistance Training and Bone in Children

A
  • mechanism to increase BMD
  • increase muscle strain acting on bone
  • increase compression of bone (impact loading, short term loading)
  • bone modeling process responds best to mechanical loading
29
Q

Bone Remodeling

A

bone circumference increases as the bone builds on the outside and takes away calcium from the lumen

30
Q

Injuries and Resistance Training: are they common? what injury is the most common?

A
  • very rare, more danger in sports

- strain is the most common injury (from not warming up properly)

31
Q

Possibility of injuries to children’s growth cartilage is valid concern. Growth cartilage located at what 3 sites?

A
  1. epiphyseal plate
  2. joint surfaces
  3. apophyseal insertion (tendon insertion)
32
Q

Cases of epiphyseal plate fracture in young weight training have been reported, but a majority of these involved overhead lifts with near maximal resistance. This points out 2 precautions for prepubescent and adolescent programs…

A
  1. maximal or near maximal lifts should be discouraged, especially in unsupervised settings (lift weights that can be lifted for at least 6 reps)
  2. Because improper form is a contributing factor to many injuries, proper technique in all exercises, especially in overhead lifts, should be emphasized
33
Q

Location and Percentage of Injuries from Weight Training: Child vs. Adults

A

Child- 77.2% accidental, hand 33%, foot 30%, head 13%

Adult- 27% accidental, trunk 42%, arm 21%, hand 14%

*hints to proper supervision and technique

34
Q

Proposed Mechanisms for Injury Reduction from Resistance Training

A
  • increased BMD
  • increased strength of tendons and ligaments
  • increased muscle bulk to absorb or disperse more force from impact
  • increased ability to tolerate greater activity or sport stressed through increased fitness
  • improved motor control, coordination, speed
35
Q

General Guidelines for Resistance Training for Children: most important, warm up/cool down, reps, sets, days per week, spotters, technique, keep program interesting

A
  • proper instruction and supervision!
  • start at 10 to 15 reps (reduce load on growth cartilage, enhance neural adaptations)
  • start with 1 to 2 sets per exercise
  • progress to 6 to 15 reps and 2 to 3 sets depending on goals
  • 2 to 3 days per week on nonconsecutive days
36
Q

Rates of Change in Height and Weight: birth-2yrs, 2 yrs-puberty, puberty, midpuberty to late teens

A

birth-2yrs: fast
2yrs-puberty: slow
puberty onset: fast
midpuberty to late teens: slow

Ex Phys II (5 decks)

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