Final Exam - old material Flashcards
1
Q
what is a setpoint
A
body keeps regulated variables within desired range of the setpoint
2
Q
what is the purpose of the reflex pathway
A
maintains homeostasis
3
Q
describe the different parts of the reflex pathway
stimulus
sensor
integrating center
target/effector
A
stimulus: regulated variable that deviates from normal range
sensor: monitors regulated variable
integrating center: evaluates inputs and sends instructions
target/effector: performs response (fixes problem)
4
Q
what is feedforward
A
occurs in anticipation of a change
5
Q
what is feedback
A
occurs in response to a change
6
Q
what is negative feedback
A
restores normal value
7
Q
what is positive feedback
A
enhances change
8
Q
what is an antagonist
A
binds and stops receptor from producing a response
9
Q
what is an agonist
A
binds and produces response
10
Q
what compartment has the highest concentration of Na+
A
ECF (ISF and plasma)
11
Q
what compartment has the highest concentration of K+
A
ICF
12
Q
what compartment has the highest concentration of bicarbonate
A
ECF (ISF and plasma)
13
Q
what compartment has the highest concentration of proteins
A
ICF and plasma
low in ISF so entire ECF is not high in concentration
14
Q
what is simple diffusion
A
diffusion across lipid bilayer for nonpolar molecules
15
Q
what is protein mediated transport
A
small polar molecules across membrane
16
Q
what does vesicular transport transport
A
very large molecules/proteins
17
Q
what are the two types of protein mediated transport
A
channel
carrier
18
Q
what do channel proteins move
A
ions and water
19
Q
what are the different kinds of channels (4)
A
leakage (open)
gated (regulated)
- chemically gated
- mechanically gated
- voltage gated
20
Q
what kind of transport can channel proteins mediate
A
passive transport down gradient (facilitated diffusion)
21
Q
what does the rate of facilitated diffusion depend on
A
gradient and number of channels
22
Q
how do carrier proteins transport things across membrane
A
bind to molecules and change shape
23
Q
are channel or carrier proteins slower
A
carrier
24
Q
what kind of molecules do carrier proteins move
A
larger molecules
25
can carrier proteins move molecules against their gradient
yes
26
what are the different types of carrier proteins (3)
uniporter: one kind of molecule
cotransporter
- symporter: 2 molecules in same direction
- antiporter: 2 molecules in different directions
27
what is the rate of movement for a carrier protein dependent on
gradient and number of carriers
28
what is passive transport
facilitated diffusion down gradient for things slightly larger than water and ions (ex. glucose and AA)
29
what is active transport
uses ATP directly or indirectly to move something against gradient
30
what is the difference between primary and secondary active transport
primary: binds ATP directly
secondary: uses ATP indirectly by using energy stored in a concentration gradient (created by using ATP) to move something else against its concentration gradient
31
what is Vm
membrane potential / charge separation at membrane
32
is Vm referring to inside or outside the cell
inside cell (compared to outside)
33
what is the difference between the chemical and the electrical force
chemical: diffuse down concentration gradient
electrical: opposite charges attract
34
which way will the chemical and electrical force move Ca2+
c: in
e: in
35
which way will the chemical and electrical force move Na+
c: in
e: in
36
which way will the chemical and electrical force move K+
c: out
e: in
37
which way will the chemical and electrical force move Cl-
c: in
e: out
38
when is an ion species at electrochemical equilibrium
there is no net electrochemical force
- electrical and chemical forces are equal and opposite
39
what is Ex
equilibrium potential
- membrane potential that results in an electrical force that exactly counterbalances the chemical force
40
what is the Ex of K
-90
41
what is the Ex of Na
+60
42
what is the Ex of Cl
-63
43
what is the Ex of Ca
+122
44
what is the driving force of ion movement
Vm - Ex
determines rate of ion flow
45
what does each ions contribution to the membrane potential result from
leakage (open) channels
46
what is the Vm of a resting cell
-70
47
how are electrical signals produces
gated channels open or close which results in changes in ions membrane permeability and changes to Vm
48
what is:
depolarization
hyperpolarization
repolarization
depolarization: Vm becomes more positive
hyperpolarization: Vm becomes more negative
repolarization: Vm returns to original value
49
what is the difference between tonic and antagonistic control
tonic: signal always present but changes intensity
antagonistic: opposing signals send parameter in opposite directions
50
what is the basic pathway of the endocrine reflex pathway
stimulus
sensor/receptor
input/afferent signal
integrating center
output/efferent signal (hormone)
effector/target
physiological response
51
what are the three integrating centers of the hypothalamic-pituitary (HP) axes
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
peripheral endocrine gland
52
what is the 3 step pathway for the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG)
GnRH (hypothalamus) -- > LH/FSH (pituitary) --> sex hormones (gonads)
53
what is the 3 step pathway for the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT)
TRH (hypothalamus) --> TSH (pituitary) --> thyroid hormones (thyroid gland)
54
what is the 3 step pathway of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)
CRH (hypothalamus) --> ACTH (pituitary) --> cortisol (adrenal cortex)
55
what is long loop feedback
peripheral gland secretion inhibits secretion by hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
56
what is short loop feedback
anterior pituitary secretion inhibits secretion by hypothalamus
57
what is primary pathology
dysfunction of peripheral endocrine gland
58
what is secondary pathology
dysfunction of pituitary gland
59
what is tertiary pathology
dysfunction of hypothalamus
60
what is the input region of a neuron
dendrites and soma- receive incoming signals
61
what is the integrative region of a neuron
initial segment of axon - trigger zone
62
what is the conductive region of a neuron
axon - long distance propagation
63
what is the output region of a neuron
axon terminal - transmit signal to target cell
64
what are the two types of electrical signals within neurons
graded potentials
action potentials
65
what is the purpose of graded potentials
local signals that carry information from input region to trigger zone
66
what is the purpose of action potentials
long distance signals that carry information from trigger zone to axon terminal
67
what kind of electrical signals occur at the trigger zone
both graded and action potentials
68
what happens to the amplitude of graded potentials as they travel
decrease in amplitude
69
what are the two types of graded potentials and what do they do
excitatory: depolarizes cell and makes it easier to produce AP
inhibitory: hyperpolarizes cell and makes it harder to produce AP
70
what are the graded potentials called in:
sensory neuron
interneuron/motor neuron
skeletal muscle
and are the excitatory or inhibitory
sensory neuron: receptor potential (excitatory)
interneuron/motor neuron: postsynaptic potential (both)
skeletal muscle: end-plate potential (excitatory)
71
what determines the graded potential's amplitude and duration
the triggering stimulus
72
where do graded potentials summate
trigger zone
- integration at trigger zone determines whether AP is produces
73
what is the difference between temporal summation and spatial summation
temporal summation: summation of graded potentials from the same source at different times
spatial summation: summation of graded potentials from two or more sources/locations
74
what happens with subthreshold and suprathreshold activity
subthreshold: no AP
suprathreshold: AP
75
what happens to the polarization of the neuron during an AP and what happens to the amplitude as the AP travels
rapid depolarization followed by rapid repolarization
dont decrease in amplitude
76
do AP summate
no they are all or none
77
what does the frequency of AP code for
what does the duration of spike train code for
frequency --> stimulus amplitude/intensity
duration of spike train --> stimulus duration
78
what is triggered when a neuronal AP occurs
voltage gated Ca2+ channels open
exocytosis of ACh from axon terminal
79
what kind of receptors are on the sarcolemma
nAChR
tonic excitatory control
80
what happens when ACh binds to the nAChR
sarcolemma depolarizes and an EPP occurs
81
what does the EPP trigger
voltage gated Na channels open that produce a sarcolemmal AP which makes the muscles contract
82
what is released in the preganglionic neuron of the PSNS and SNS
ACh
83
what kind of receptor is found on the postganglionic neuron of the PSNS and SNS
nicotinic AChR (ionotropic)
84
what is released in the postganglionic neuron of the PSNS and SNS
PSNS: ACh
SNS: NE
85
what kind of receptor is found on the target/effector in the PSNS and SNS
PSNS: muscarinic AChR (GPCR)
SNS: adrenergic (GPCR)
86
what determines MAP
MAP = CO x TPR
if cardiac output increases, MAP increases
87
what happens to the MAP if diameter decreases
higher TPR --> increased MAP
88
what are most systemic arterioles innervated by and what is released
innervated by SNS neurons that release NE to cause vasoconstriction
89
what kind of receptors does NE act on to cause vasoconstriction
alpha adrenergic
90
what is another systemic vasoconstrictor other than NE
epi
91
what happens to MAP when blood volume increases
MAP increases
92
what kind of compensation happens in response to increased blood volume
cardiovascular: rapid response
kidneys: slow response
93
what causes venoconstriction (veins)
sympathetic innervation of smooth muscle using alpha adrenergic receptors
94
how does venoconstriction cause increased MAP
redistributes blood to the arteries
increases venous return --> increases SV
95
if increased MAP caused increased firing of baroreceptors, what would happen in both the SNS and PSNS to lower MAP
increased PSNS output --> increased ACh on mAChR on SA node --> decreased HR
decreased SNS output --> decreased NE
96
what three effects does decreased NE from SNS have
decreased NE on alpha receptor on arterioles --> vasodilation --> decreased TPR
decreased NE on beta 1 receptor on SA node --> decreased HR
decreased NE on beta 1 receptor on contractile cells --> decreased force of contraction --> decreased SV
97
if HR and SV decrease, what happens to CO
decreases
98
is CO and TPR decrease, what happens to MAP
decreases
