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Physiology > Final Exam - old material > Flashcards

Final Exam - old material Flashcards

1
Q

what is a setpoint

A

body keeps regulated variables within desired range of the setpoint

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2
Q

what is the purpose of the reflex pathway

A

maintains homeostasis

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3
Q

describe the different parts of the reflex pathway
stimulus
sensor
integrating center
target/effector

A

stimulus: regulated variable that deviates from normal range
sensor: monitors regulated variable
integrating center: evaluates inputs and sends instructions
target/effector: performs response (fixes problem)

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4
Q

what is feedforward

A

occurs in anticipation of a change

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5
Q

what is feedback

A

occurs in response to a change

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6
Q

what is negative feedback

A

restores normal value

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7
Q

what is positive feedback

A

enhances change

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8
Q

what is an antagonist

A

binds and stops receptor from producing a response

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9
Q

what is an agonist

A

binds and produces response

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10
Q

what compartment has the highest concentration of Na+

A

ECF (ISF and plasma)

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11
Q

what compartment has the highest concentration of K+

A

ICF

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12
Q

what compartment has the highest concentration of bicarbonate

A

ECF (ISF and plasma)

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13
Q

what compartment has the highest concentration of proteins

A

ICF and plasma

low in ISF so entire ECF is not high in concentration

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14
Q

what is simple diffusion

A

diffusion across lipid bilayer for nonpolar molecules

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15
Q

what is protein mediated transport

A

small polar molecules across membrane

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16
Q

what does vesicular transport transport

A

very large molecules/proteins

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17
Q

what are the two types of protein mediated transport

A

channel
carrier

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18
Q

what do channel proteins move

A

ions and water

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19
Q

what are the different kinds of channels (4)

A

leakage (open)
gated (regulated)
- chemically gated
- mechanically gated
- voltage gated

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20
Q

what kind of transport can channel proteins mediate

A

passive transport down gradient (facilitated diffusion)

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21
Q

what does the rate of facilitated diffusion depend on

A

gradient and number of channels

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22
Q

how do carrier proteins transport things across membrane

A

bind to molecules and change shape

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23
Q

are channel or carrier proteins slower

A

carrier

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24
Q

what kind of molecules do carrier proteins move

A

larger molecules

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25
Q

can carrier proteins move molecules against their gradient

A

yes

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26
Q

what are the different types of carrier proteins (3)

A

uniporter: one kind of molecule
cotransporter
- symporter: 2 molecules in same direction
- antiporter: 2 molecules in different directions

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27
Q

what is the rate of movement for a carrier protein dependent on

A

gradient and number of carriers

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28
Q

what is passive transport

A

facilitated diffusion down gradient for things slightly larger than water and ions (ex. glucose and AA)

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29
Q

what is active transport

A

uses ATP directly or indirectly to move something against gradient

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30
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary active transport

A

primary: binds ATP directly
secondary: uses ATP indirectly by using energy stored in a concentration gradient (created by using ATP) to move something else against its concentration gradient

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31
Q

what is Vm

A

membrane potential / charge separation at membrane

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32
Q

is Vm referring to inside or outside the cell

A

inside cell (compared to outside)

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33
Q

what is the difference between the chemical and the electrical force

A

chemical: diffuse down concentration gradient
electrical: opposite charges attract

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34
Q

which way will the chemical and electrical force move Ca2+

A

c: in
e: in

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35
Q

which way will the chemical and electrical force move Na+

A

c: in
e: in

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36
Q

which way will the chemical and electrical force move K+

A

c: out
e: in

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37
Q

which way will the chemical and electrical force move Cl-

A

c: in
e: out

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38
Q

when is an ion species at electrochemical equilibrium

A

there is no net electrochemical force
- electrical and chemical forces are equal and opposite

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39
Q

what is Ex

A

equilibrium potential
- membrane potential that results in an electrical force that exactly counterbalances the chemical force

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40
Q

what is the Ex of K

A

-90

41
Q

what is the Ex of Na

A

+60

42
Q

what is the Ex of Cl

A

-63

43
Q

what is the Ex of Ca

A

+122

44
Q

what is the driving force of ion movement

A

Vm - Ex
determines rate of ion flow

45
Q

what does each ions contribution to the membrane potential result from

A

leakage (open) channels

46
Q

what is the Vm of a resting cell

A

-70

47
Q

how are electrical signals produces

A

gated channels open or close which results in changes in ions membrane permeability and changes to Vm

48
Q

what is:
depolarization
hyperpolarization
repolarization

A

depolarization: Vm becomes more positive
hyperpolarization: Vm becomes more negative
repolarization: Vm returns to original value

49
Q

what is the difference between tonic and antagonistic control

A

tonic: signal always present but changes intensity
antagonistic: opposing signals send parameter in opposite directions

50
Q

what is the basic pathway of the endocrine reflex pathway

A

stimulus
sensor/receptor
input/afferent signal
integrating center
output/efferent signal (hormone)
effector/target
physiological response

51
Q

what are the three integrating centers of the hypothalamic-pituitary (HP) axes

A

hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
peripheral endocrine gland

52
Q

what is the 3 step pathway for the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG)

A

GnRH (hypothalamus) – > LH/FSH (pituitary) –> sex hormones (gonads)

53
Q

what is the 3 step pathway for the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT)

A

TRH (hypothalamus) –> TSH (pituitary) –> thyroid hormones (thyroid gland)

54
Q

what is the 3 step pathway of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)

A

CRH (hypothalamus) –> ACTH (pituitary) –> cortisol (adrenal cortex)

55
Q

what is long loop feedback

A

peripheral gland secretion inhibits secretion by hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

56
Q

what is short loop feedback

A

anterior pituitary secretion inhibits secretion by hypothalamus

57
Q

what is primary pathology

A

dysfunction of peripheral endocrine gland

58
Q

what is secondary pathology

A

dysfunction of pituitary gland

59
Q

what is tertiary pathology

A

dysfunction of hypothalamus

60
Q

what is the input region of a neuron

A

dendrites and soma- receive incoming signals

61
Q

what is the integrative region of a neuron

A

initial segment of axon - trigger zone

62
Q

what is the conductive region of a neuron

A

axon - long distance propagation

63
Q

what is the output region of a neuron

A

axon terminal - transmit signal to target cell

64
Q

what are the two types of electrical signals within neurons

A

graded potentials
action potentials

65
Q

what is the purpose of graded potentials

A

local signals that carry information from input region to trigger zone

66
Q

what is the purpose of action potentials

A

long distance signals that carry information from trigger zone to axon terminal

67
Q

what kind of electrical signals occur at the trigger zone

A

both graded and action potentials

68
Q

what happens to the amplitude of graded potentials as they travel

A

decrease in amplitude

69
Q

what are the two types of graded potentials and what do they do

A

excitatory: depolarizes cell and makes it easier to produce AP
inhibitory: hyperpolarizes cell and makes it harder to produce AP

70
Q

what are the graded potentials called in:
sensory neuron
interneuron/motor neuron
skeletal muscle
and are the excitatory or inhibitory

A

sensory neuron: receptor potential (excitatory)
interneuron/motor neuron: postsynaptic potential (both)
skeletal muscle: end-plate potential (excitatory)

71
Q

what determines the graded potential’s amplitude and duration

A

the triggering stimulus

72
Q

where do graded potentials summate

A

trigger zone
- integration at trigger zone determines whether AP is produces

73
Q

what is the difference between temporal summation and spatial summation

A

temporal summation: summation of graded potentials from the same source at different times
spatial summation: summation of graded potentials from two or more sources/locations

74
Q

what happens with subthreshold and suprathreshold activity

A

subthreshold: no AP
suprathreshold: AP

75
Q

what happens to the polarization of the neuron during an AP and what happens to the amplitude as the AP travels

A

rapid depolarization followed by rapid repolarization
dont decrease in amplitude

76
Q

do AP summate

A

no they are all or none

77
Q

what does the frequency of AP code for
what does the duration of spike train code for

A

frequency –> stimulus amplitude/intensity
duration of spike train –> stimulus duration

78
Q

what is triggered when a neuronal AP occurs

A

voltage gated Ca2+ channels open
exocytosis of ACh from axon terminal

79
Q

what kind of receptors are on the sarcolemma

A

nAChR
tonic excitatory control

80
Q

what happens when ACh binds to the nAChR

A

sarcolemma depolarizes and an EPP occurs

81
Q

what does the EPP trigger

A

voltage gated Na channels open that produce a sarcolemmal AP which makes the muscles contract

82
Q

what is released in the preganglionic neuron of the PSNS and SNS

A

ACh

83
Q

what kind of receptor is found on the postganglionic neuron of the PSNS and SNS

A

nicotinic AChR (ionotropic)

84
Q

what is released in the postganglionic neuron of the PSNS and SNS

A

PSNS: ACh
SNS: NE

85
Q

what kind of receptor is found on the target/effector in the PSNS and SNS

A

PSNS: muscarinic AChR (GPCR)
SNS: adrenergic (GPCR)

86
Q

what determines MAP

A

MAP = CO x TPR
if cardiac output increases, MAP increases

87
Q

what happens to the MAP if diameter decreases

A

higher TPR –> increased MAP

88
Q

what are most systemic arterioles innervated by and what is released

A

innervated by SNS neurons that release NE to cause vasoconstriction

89
Q

what kind of receptors does NE act on to cause vasoconstriction

A

alpha adrenergic

90
Q

what is another systemic vasoconstrictor other than NE

A

epi

91
Q

what happens to MAP when blood volume increases

A

MAP increases

92
Q

what kind of compensation happens in response to increased blood volume

A

cardiovascular: rapid response
kidneys: slow response

93
Q

what causes venoconstriction (veins)

A

sympathetic innervation of smooth muscle using alpha adrenergic receptors

94
Q

how does venoconstriction cause increased MAP

A

redistributes blood to the arteries
increases venous return –> increases SV

95
Q

if increased MAP caused increased firing of baroreceptors, what would happen in both the SNS and PSNS to lower MAP

A

increased PSNS output –> increased ACh on mAChR on SA node –> decreased HR

decreased SNS output –> decreased NE

96
Q

what three effects does decreased NE from SNS have

A

decreased NE on alpha receptor on arterioles –> vasodilation –> decreased TPR

decreased NE on beta 1 receptor on SA node –> decreased HR

decreased NE on beta 1 receptor on contractile cells –> decreased force of contraction –> decreased SV

97
Q

if HR and SV decrease, what happens to CO

A

decreases

98
Q

is CO and TPR decrease, what happens to MAP

A

decreases

Physiology (5 decks)

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