Final Exam New Material Flashcards
organisms that live burrowed into 1-2 inches of the sea floor, within the bottom most oceanic sediments ex/ worms
Infauna
live on surface of the sea floor ex/ sea cucumber (deposit feeder)
Epifauna
tiny animals that live in the sediment particles, between the grains. They feed on small particles or dissolved organics matter or bacteria
Meiofauna
larger animals that graze the meiofauna
Macrofauna
cold loving
Psychrophilic
pressure loving
Barophilic
how life adapts to deep sea environment
- adaptations to pressure
- adaptations to cold
- adaptations to dark
what are the deep sea communities
1) hydrothermal vents
2) cold/methane seeps
3) whale falls.
the breakdown of ocean substrates by living organisms
bioerosion
move up and down with the tide in order to stay with sediment that is moist but not turned over by wave action
swash-riding
the accumulation of sediment on the surface from burrowing and desiccation of infauna
bioturbation
hardbotom communities
1) rocky intertidal
- vertical zonation
2) subtidal photic zone
- kelp forst- rocky bottoms of subtidal
3) deep hard bottom
highly effective, uses a mesh net. Size is variable depending on what size fish.
gill net
long line floating or demersal angling or hand line
hook and line
drug by a boat. Used to capture schooling fish like tuna.
bottom otter trawl
the largest number or weight of a species that can be removed from the stock of animals without impacting the long-term stability of the population. This is based on the fishery stock
sustainable yield
number of species in a given area
population size
measure of the amount of fishing ex/ hours of fishing spent per day
fishing effort
the amount of fish that are allowed to be fished from year to year, assuming that environment conditions are the same.
sustainable catch
major effects of overfishing
- change of the food web
- jellyfish bloom
- destruction of kelp forest
- affect genetic diversity
The application of farming techniques to the growth and harvesting of marine organisms. Fish farming
mariculture
how to use salt and water from the ocean
-extraction to table salt
-sea water distilation
-mineral resources
-mineral deposit in oceans as fossil fuels
REVERSE OSMOSIS TO GENERATE SALT FROM PRESSURE
perpetual energy source and how they are used
something that is not consumed by human use
1) tidal energy
2) temperature gradient (OTEC)
The concentration of pollutants or toxins in higher trophic levels of a food chain
biological magnification
– Enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrient, typically compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorous or both- fertilizer run off and creates algal blooms and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.
– Nutrient pollution- coliform bacteria
eutrophication
ecological effects of an oil spill
- absorbant blooms
- oil eating microbes
effects f global warming
- changes in species distribution
- changes in pH
- effects on coral reefs
the study of the historical process that may be responsible for the contemporary geographic distribution of individuals.
phylgeography
the total number of species in a region is the result of a net balance between the rate of species production and the rate of extinction
species extinction balance
how to conserve marine biodiversity
- eco labeling
- marine reserves
- restoration of habitats by transplantation of key species and artificial reefs
- estimating diversity
separation by a big physical barrier between the two species. when they have a chance to come back together they can not breed
allopatric
type of allopatrick when one of the isolated populations has very few individulas (Founder effect)
peripatric
doesnt igknowledge geological separation. individuals are more likely to mate witht heir geographic neighbors than with individuals in a different population
parapatric
when a new species evolves from a single ancestral species while in the same geographic region
sympatric
